4)Assisted Reproductive Technology( 3.ミートザエキスパートB.)

Virtual reality (VR) can be considered as the leading edge of a general evolution of present communication interfaces involving the television, computer, and telephone. The main characteristic of this evolution is the full immersion of the human sensorimotor channels into a vivid and global communication experience. Because telemedicine principally focuses on transmitting medical information, VR has the potential to enhance this function. Particularly, VR can be used in telemedicine as an advanced communication interface, which enables a more intuitive mode of interacting with information, and as a flexible environment that enhances the feeling of physical presence during the interaction. In this article, the state of the art in VR-based telemedicine applications is described. This technology is now used in remote or augmented surgery as well as surgical training, which are critically dependent on eye-hand coordination. Recently, however, different researchers have tried to use virtual environments in medical visualization and for assessment and rehabilitation in neuropsychology. This article also discusses technological, ergonomical, and human factor issues, and specific guidelines are presented for expanding the use of VR in telemedicine.

Virtual reality in telemedicine

Objective To study the role of Computed tomography (CT) and Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for design and development of orthopaedic model using additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. Methods A significant number of research papers in this area are studied to provide the direction of development along with the future scope. Results Briefly discussed various steps used to create a 3D model by Additive Manufacturing using CT and MRI scan. These scanning technologies are used to produce medical as well as orthopaedic implants by using AM technologies. The images so produced are exported in different software like OsiriX Imaging Software, 3D slicer, Mimics, Magics, 3D doctor and InVesalius to produce a 3D digital model. Various criteria's achieved by CT and MRI scan for design and development of orthopaedic implant using additive manufacturing are also discussed briefly. AM model created by this process show exact shape, size, dimensions, textures, colour and features. Conclusion AM technologies help to convert the digital model into a 3D physical object, thereby improving the understanding of patient anatomy for treatment as well as for educational purpose. These scanning technologies have various applications to enhance the AM in the field of orthopaedic. In orthopaedic every patient model is a customised unit, sourced from the individual patient. 3D CAD data captured by these scanning technologies are directly exported in standard triangulate language (STL) format for printing by AM technologies. Crossestion of the physical model fabricated by this process shows a patient's anatomy if the model prepared by using the bone-like material.

Role of CT and MRI in the design and development of orthopaedic model using additive manufacturing.

Antenatal Ultrasound to Predict Postnatal Renal Function in Congenital Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction: Systematic Review of Test Accuracy

CardioVerse: The Cardiovascular Medicine in the Era of Metaverse.

Department of Radiology, Clínica de Diagnóstico por Imagem (CPDI), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Department of Design, Pontifícia Universidade Católica (PUC‐Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic Fetal Diagnostic and Therapeutic Center, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM‐UNIFESP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil Correspondence Edward Araujo Júnior, Department of Obstetrics, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo (EPM‐UNIFESP), Rua Belchior de Azevedo, 156 apto. 111 Torre Vitoria, São Paulo, SP CEP 05089‐030, Brazil. Email: araujojred@terra.com.br

Three-dimensional virtual cystoscopy: Noninvasive approach for the assessment of urinary tract in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction

Objective: To generate physical models of fetuses from images obtained with three-dimensional ultrasound (3D-US), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and, occasionally, computed tomography (CT), in order to guide additive manufacturing technology. Materials and Methods: We used 3D-US images of 31 pregnant women, including 5 who were carrying twins. If abnormalities were detected by 3D-US, both MRI and in some cases CT scans were then immediately performed. The images were then exported to a workstation in DICOM format. A single observer performed slice-by-slice manual segmentation using a digital high resolution screen. Virtual 3D models were obtained from software that converts medical images into numerical models. Those models were then generated in physical form through the use of additive manufacturing techniques. Results: Physical models based upon 3D-US, MRI, and CT images were successfully generated. The postnatal appearance of either the aborted fetus or the neonate closely resembled the physical models, particularly in cases of malformations. Conclusion: The combined use of 3D-US, MRI, and CT could help improve our understanding of fetal anatomy. These three screening modalities can be used for educational purposes and as tools to enable parents to visualize their unborn baby. The images can be segmented and then applied, separately or jointly, in order to construct virtual and physical 3D models.

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Applicability of three-dimensional imaging techniques in fetal medicine

The use of metaverse in fetal medicine and gynecology.

Advances in imaging technology have led to vast improvements in medicine, especially in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. In general, two main technologies are used to obtain images within the uterus during pregnancy: ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Ultrasound is an indispensable tool in fetal medicine, but when it yields unexpected results, MRI is generally performed. MRI can provide high-resolution fetal images

Combination of ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and virtual reality technologies to generate immersive three-dimensional fetal images.

This aimed to describe the prenatal diagnosis of three cases of Apert syndrome using two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and 3D virtual/physical models. We retrospectively analyzed three cases of Apert syndrome at our service. The prenatal diagnostic methods used were 2D ultrasound, 3D ultrasound in conventional and HDlive rendering modes, T2-weighted MRI sequences, and 3D virtual/physical models from MRI or 3D ultrasound scan data. All imaging methods were performed by one observer. All prenatal diagnoses were confirmed by autopsy in cases of termination of pregnancy or genetic assessment during the postnatal period. Mean ± standard deviation of maternal and gestational age at the time of diagnosis was 36.5 ± 3.5 years and 32 ± 4.2 weeks, respectively. Main 2D/3D ultrasound and MRI findings were craniosynostosis, hypertelorism, low ear implantation, increased kidneys dimensions, and syndactyly of hands and feet. 3D virtual/physical models allowed 3D view of fetal head and extremity abnormalities. Termination of pregnancy occurred in two cases. Prenatal 3D ultrasound and MRI enabled the identification of all Apert syndrome phenotypes. 3D virtual/physical models provided both the parents and the medical team a better understanding of fetal abnormalities.

Prenatal diagnosis of Apert syndrome using ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional virtual/physical models: three case series and literature review

Gerson Ribeiro

Papers

Three-dimensional virtual cystoscopy: Noninvasive approach for the assessment of urinary tract in fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction

Applicability of three-dimensional imaging techniques in fetal medicine

The use of metaverse in fetal medicine and gynecology.

Combination of ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging and virtual reality technologies to generate immersive three-dimensional fetal images.

Prenatal diagnosis of Apert syndrome using ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and three-dimensional virtual/physical models: three case series and literature review