There is emerging agreement that sustainability challenges require new ways of knowledge production and decision-making. One key aspect of sustainability science, therefore, is the involvement of actors from outside academia into the research process in order to integrate the best available knowledge, reconcile values and preferences, as well as create ownership for problems and solution options. Transdisciplinary, community-based, interactive, or participatory research approaches are often suggested as appropriate means to meet both the requirements posed by real-world problems as well as the goals of sustainability science as a transformational scientific field. Dispersed literature on these approaches and a variety of empirical projects applying them make it difficult for interested researchers and practitioners to review and become familiar with key components and design principles of how to do transdisciplinary sustainability research. Starting from a conceptual model of an ideal–typical transdisciplinary research process, this article synthesizes and structures such a set of principles from various strands of the literature and empirical experiences. We then elaborate on them, looking at challenges and some coping strategies as experienced in transdisciplinary sustainability projects in Europe, North America, South America, Africa, and Asia. The article concludes with future research needed in order to further enhance the practice of transdisciplinary sustainability research.

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Transdisciplinary research in sustainability science: practice, principles, and challenges

《Ｏｘｆｏｒｄ Ａｄｖａｎｃｅｄ Ｌｅａｒｎｅｒ’ｓ Ｄｉｃｔｉｏｎａｒｙ ｏｆ Ｃｕｒｒｅｎｔ Ｅｎｇｌｉｓｈ》（ 以下简称ＯＡＬＤ） 是英语学习词典的先驱。它是第一部既重视词语释义，又重视词法、句法，配有大量例证的词典。我国英语学习者对其第二、三、四版（ 英汉双解版） 都十分熟悉。１９９５ 年，ＯＡＬＤ 第五次修订再版，又有了新的特色，但仍有不足

评《Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English》第五版

Much as Rachel Carson's \"Silent Spring\" was a call to action against the pesticides that were devastating bird populations, Charles S. Elton's classic \"The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants\" sounded an early warning about an environmental catastrophe that has become all too familiar today-the invasion of nonnative species. From kudzu to zebra mussels to Asian long-horned beetles, nonnative species are colonizing new habitats around the world at an alarming rate thanks to accidental and intentional human intervention. One of the leading causes of extinctions of native animals and plants, invasive species also wreak severe economic havoc, causing $79 billion worth of damage in the United States alone. Elton explains the devastating effects that invasive species can have on local ecosystems in clear, concise language and with numerous examples. The first book on invasion biology, and still the most cited, Elton's masterpiece provides an accessible, engaging introduction to one of the most important environmental crises of our time. Charles S. Elton was one of the founders of ecology, who also established and led Oxford University's Bureau of Animal Population. His work has influenced generations of ecologists and zoologists, and his publications remain central to the literature in modern biology. \"History has caught up with Charles Elton's foresight, and \"The Ecology of Invasions\" can now be seen as one of the central scientific books of our century.\"-David Quammen, from the Foreword to \"Killer Algae: The True Tale of a Biological Invasion\

The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and Plants

Merchants of Doubt. How a Handful of Scientists Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming

Author Ray Pawson presents a devastating critique of the dominant approach to systematic review namely the 'meta-analytic' approach as sponsored by the Cochrane and Campbell collaborations. In its place is commended an approach that he terms 'realist synthesis'. On this vision, the real purpose of systematic review is better to understand program theory, so that policies Author Ray Pawson presents a devastating critique of the dominant approach to systematic review namely the 'meta-analytic' approach as sponsored by the Cochrane and Campbell collaborations. In its place is commended an approach that he terms 'realist synthesis'. On this vision, the real purpose of systematic review is better to understand program theory, so that policies can be properly targeted and developed to counter an ever-changing landscape of social problems. The book will be essential reading for all those who loved (or loathed) the arguments developed in Realistic Evaluation (Sage, 1997). It offers a complete blueprint for research synthesis, supported by detailed illustrations and worked examples from across the policy waterfront.

Evidence-based Policy: A Realist Perspective

Foreword.-Acknowledgements.-List of Contributors.-Introduction: Idea of the Handbook-The Emergence of Transdisciplinarity as a Form of Research.-Problem Identification and Problem Structuring: From Local Projects in the Alps to Global Change Programmes in the Mountains of the World: Milestones in Transdisciplinary Research.-Sustainable River Basin Management in Kenya: Balancing Needs and Requirements.-Designing the Urban: Linking Physiology and Morphology.-CITY:mobil: A Model for Integration in Sustainability Research.-Shepherds, Sheep and Forest Fires: A Reconception of Grazingland Management.-Fischnetz: Involving Anglers, Authorities, Scientists and the Chemical Industry to Understand Declining Fish Yields.-Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies: Bridging Gaps through Constructive Technology Assessment.-Chimeras and other Human-animal Mixtures in Relation to the Swiss Constitution: A Case for Regulatory Action.-Problem Analysis: The Development of Multilateral Environmental Agreements on Toxic Chemicals: Integrating the Work of Scientists and Policy Makers.-Climate Protection vs. Economic Growth as a False Trade off: Restructuring Global Warming Mitigation.-Policy Analysis and Design in Local Public Management: A System Dynamics Approach.-Constructing Regional Development Strategies: A Case Study Approach for Integrated Planning and Synthesis.-Evaluating Landscape Governance: A Tool for Legal-Ecological Assessments.-Children and Divorce: Investigating Current Legal Practices and their Impact on Family Transitions.-Bringing Results to Fruition: Towards Integrated and Adapted Health Services for Nomadic Pastoralists and their Animals: A North-South Partnership.-Sustainable Prevention of Water Associated Infection Risks: An Awareness Campaign Using Visual Media.-Behavioural Sciences in the Health Field: Integrating Natural and Social Sciences.-Sustainable Coexistence of Ungulates and Trees: A Stakeholder Platform for Resource Use Negotiations.-Retrofitting Postwar Suburbs: A Collaborative Design Process.-Cross-cutting Issues: Participation.-Values and Uncertainties.-Learning from Case Studies.-Management. Education.-Integration.-Summary and Outlook:Core Terms in Transdisciplinary Research.-Enhancing Transdisciplinary Research: A Synthesis in Fifteen Propositions.-Index.

Handbook of transdisciplinary research

Co-production of knowledge between academic and non-academic communities is a prerequisite for research aiming at more sustainable development paths. Sustainability researchers face three challenges in such co-production: (a) addressing power relations; (b) interrelating different perspectives on the issues at stake; and (c) promoting a previously negotiated orientation towards sustainable development. A systematic comparison of four sustainability research projects in Kenya (vulnerability to drought), Switzerland (soil protection), Bolivia and Nepal (conservation vs. development) shows how the researchers intuitively adopted three different roles to face these challenges: the roles of reflective scientist, intermediary, and facilitator of a joint learning process. From this systematized and iterative self-reflection on the roles that a researcher can assume in the indeterminate social space where knowledge is co-produced, we draw conclusions regarding training.

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Researchers' roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal

Principles for designing transdisciplinary research : proposed by the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences

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Methodological challenges of transdisciplinary research

The birth of science is based on a strict dissociation of scientific knowledge from the various aspects of practical knowledge. The ideal of scientific knowledge as it was shaped in antiquity is still influential today, although the conception of science and the relationship between science and the life-world has undergone major changes. The emergence of transdisciplinary orientations in the knowledge society at the end of the 20th century is the most recent step. The Handbook focuses on transdisciplinarity as a form of research that is driven by the need to solve problems of the life-world. Differences between basic, applied and transdisciplinary research, as specific forms of research, stem from whether and how different scientific disciplines, and actors in the life-world, are involved in problem identification and problem structuring, thus determining how research questions relate to problem fields in the life-world. However, by transgressing disciplinary paradigms and surpassing the practical problems of single actors, transdisciplinary research is challenged by the following requirements: to grasp the complexity of the problems, to take into account the diversity of scientific and societal views of the problems, to link abstract and case specific knowledge, and to constitute knowledge with a focus on problem-solving for what is perceived to be the common good. Transdisciplinary research relates to three types of knowledge: systems knowledge, target knowledge and transformation knowledge, and reflects their mutual dependencies in the research process. One way to meet the transdisciplinary requirements in dealing with research problems is to design the phases of the research process in a recurrent order. Research that addresses problems in the life-world comprises the phase of problem identification and problem structuring, the phase of problem investigation and the phase of bringing results to fruition. In transdisciplinary research, the order of the phases and the amount of resources dedicated to each phase depend on the kind of problem under investigation and on the state of knowledge.

Gertrude Hirsch Hadorn

Papers

Handbook of transdisciplinary research

Researchers' roles in knowledge co-production: experience from sustainability research in Kenya, Switzerland, Bolivia and Nepal

Principles for designing transdisciplinary research : proposed by the Swiss Academies of Arts and Sciences

Methodological challenges of transdisciplinary research

The Emergence of Transdisciplinarity as a Form of Research