New materials hold the key to fundamental advances in energy conversion and storage, both of which are vital in order to meet the challenge of global warming and the finite nature of fossil fuels. Nanomaterials in particular offer unique properties or combinations of properties as electrodes and electrolytes in a range of energy devices. This review describes some recent developments in the discovery of nanoelectrolytes and nanoelectrodes for lithium batteries, fuel cells and supercapacitors. The advantages and disadvantages of the nanoscale in materials design for such devices are highlighted.

https://img62.chem17.com/1/20140715/635410323829886334962.pdf

Nanostructured materials for advanced energy conversion and storage devices

Li-ion batteries have transformed portable electronics and will play a key role in the electrification of transport. However, the highest energy storage possible for Li-ion batteries is insufficient for the long-term needs of society, for example, extended-range electric vehicles. To go beyond the horizon of Li-ion batteries is a formidable challenge; there are few options. Here we consider two: Li-air (O(2)) and Li-S. The energy that can be stored in Li-air (based on aqueous or non-aqueous electrolytes) and Li-S cells is compared with Li-ion; the operation of the cells is discussed, as are the significant hurdles that will have to be overcome if such batteries are to succeed. Fundamental scientific advances in understanding the reactions occurring in the cells as well as new materials are key to overcoming these obstacles. The potential benefits of Li-air and Li-S justify the continued research effort that will be needed.

Li-O2 and Li-S batteries with high energy storage.

There is great interest in developing rechargeable lithium batteries with higher energy capacity and longer cycle life for applications in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and implantable medical devices. Silicon is an attractive anode material for lithium batteries because it has a low discharge potential and the highest known theoretical charge capacity (4,200 mAh g(-1); ref. 2). Although this is more than ten times higher than existing graphite anodes and much larger than various nitride and oxide materials, silicon anodes have limited applications because silicon's volume changes by 400% upon insertion and extraction of lithium which results in pulverization and capacity fading. Here, we show that silicon nanowire battery electrodes circumvent these issues as they can accommodate large strain without pulverization, provide good electronic contact and conduction, and display short lithium insertion distances. We achieved the theoretical charge capacity for silicon anodes and maintained a discharge capacity close to 75% of this maximum, with little fading during cycling.

/pdf/high-performance-lithium-battery-anodes-using-silicon-58e1j6kr4f.pdf

High-performance lithium battery anodes using silicon nanowires

2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiIm) and Its Derivatives 4313

/pdf/nonaqueous-liquid-electrolytes-for-lithium-based-uxm5ffbi18.pdf

Nonaqueous liquid electrolytes for lithium-based rechargeable batteries.

Li-ion battery materials: present and future

One of the major challenges on large-scale Multi-Terminal High Voltage Direct Current (MT-HVDC) systems is the steady-state interaction of the hybrid AC/DC grids to achieve an accurate Power Flow (PF) solution. In PF control of MT-HVDC systems, different operational constraints, such as the voltage range, voltage operating region, Total Transfer Capability (TTC), transmission reliability margin, converter station power rating, etc. should be considered. Moreover, due to the nonlinear behavior of MT-HVDC systems, any changes (contingencies and/or faults) in the operating conditions lead to a significant change in the stability margin of the entire or several areas of the hybrid AC/DC grids. As a result, the system should continue operating within the acceptable limits and deliver power to the non-faulted sections. In order to analyze the steady-state interaction of the large-scale MT-HVDC systems, an improved mixed AC/DC PF algorithm for hybrid AC/DC grids with MT-HVDC systems considering the operational constraints is developed in this paper. To demonstrate the performance of the mixed AC/DC PF algorithm, a five-bus AC grid with a three-bus MT-HVDC system and the modified IEEE 39-bus test system with two four-bus MT-HVDC systems (in two different areas) are simulated in MATLAB software and different cases are investigated. The obtained results show the accuracy, robustness, and effectiveness of the improved mixed AC/DC PF algorithm for operation and planning studies of the hybrid A/DC grids.

/pdf/an-improved-mixed-ac-dc-power-flow-algorithm-in-hybrid-ac-dc-3dzu575jk7.pdf

An Improved Mixed AC/DC Power Flow Algorithm in Hybrid AC/DC Grids with MT-HVDC Systems

http://jes.ecsdl.org/content/161/14/A1969.full.pdf

Ternary Imidazolium-Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Li-O2 Batteries

Enhanced hydrogen storage property of magnesium hydride by high surface area Raney nickel

The ionically conducting polymer 2‐(2‐methoxy‐ethoxy‐ethoxy) polyphosphazene containing the salt lithium trifluoromethane sulfonate is a possible electrolyte for high energy density lithium batteries. AC impedance measurements were made on this material to determine its lithium ion conductivity. FT‐IR spectra were obtained on oriented samples to determine its molecular structure. The conductivity at 22°C was determined to be using inert electrodes. The material was subjected to γ‐radiation using a cobalt‐60 source in an attempt to cross‐link the polymer. Impedance and FT‐IR measurements were made after the irradiation. These results showed that cross‐linking occurred during irradiation. The polymer exhibited the same conductivity as it had before the irradiation but it was now highly viscous. Both characteristics are desirable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2097423/pdf

Gholam-Abbas Nazri

Papers

An Improved Mixed AC/DC Power Flow Algorithm in Hybrid AC/DC Grids with MT-HVDC Systems

Ternary Imidazolium-Pyrrolidinium-Based Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Rechargeable Li-O2 Batteries

Enhanced hydrogen storage property of magnesium hydride by high surface area Raney nickel

Effect of γ‐Radiation on the Structure and Ionic Conductivity of 2 ‐ ( 2 ‐ Methoxy ‐ Ethoxy ‐ Ethoxy ) Polyphosphazene + LiCF3 SO 3

Solid-state lithium battery