Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) is the aetiological agent of infectious canine hepatitis (ICH) in domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). In spite of the widespread use of vaccination, CAdV-1 continues to circulate in the dog population. Although a high number of serological screenings have indicated that CAdV-1 is widespread in fox species, little is known about the potential role of foxes as reservoirs of CAdV-1. Furthermore, very little data exist on the molecular features of this virus in foxes. To add to existing knowledge on CAdV-1 circulating in wild carnivores, tissue samples from CAdV-seropositive red foxes (Vulpes vulpes, n = 10) from the northern mainland of Norway and arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus, n = 10) from the Svalbard archipelago, Norway, were investigated using a molecular approach to detect CAdV-1 DNA and important structural and non-structural genes of the detected viruses were sequenced and analysed. Amplicons characteristic for CAdV-1 were amplified from 14 out of 20 foxes (7 red foxes and 7 arctic foxes) and spleen and lymph node tissues resulted optimal targets for the viral DNA detection. The nucleotide sequences showed unique features that distinguished the viruses detected in this study from the CAdV-1 to date identified in wild carnivores and dogs. Greater attention should be given to genetically different CAdV-1 circulating in wild carnivores that may be transferred to dogs, potentially causing disease and reducing the effectiveness of available vaccines.

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Unique genetic features of canine adenovirus type 1 (CAdV-1) infecting red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) in northern Norway and arctic foxes ( Vulpes lagopus ) in Svalbard

Sequential circulation of canine adenoviruses 1 and 2 in captive wild carnivores, France.

Canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus (CAdV) and canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) cause disease in dogs (Canis familiaris). These, or closely related viruses, may also infect wild...

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A screening for canine distemper virus, canine adenovirus and carnivore protoparvoviruses in Arctic foxes (Vulpes lagopus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from Arctic and sub-Arctic regions of Norway

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a major emerging virus of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), which has brought huge economic losses to the global pig industry. Pigs are well known as the natural reservoir of PCV2. Recently, many researchers have revealed PCV2 could infect many other mammals like mice, calves, minks, dogs and goats. In 2018, our laboratory has admitted six cases of raccoon dogs from Qinhuangdao city of China, which were characterized by inappetence, lethargy, depression, abortion, and sterility. At last, six raccoon dog-origin PCV2 strains were isolated in this study. Pairwise-sequence comparisons demonstrated that the six raccoon dog-origin PCV2 strains shared a nucleotide similarity of 92.1–99.8% among 40 PCV2 representative strains. Phylogenetic analysis indicated these PCV2 isolates belonged to Chinese epidemic genotypes PCV2b and PCV2d. And aborted or sterile symptom was significantly associated with PCV2 infection in raccoon dogs by the chi-square test (χ2 = 87.3, p < 0.001). The retrospective study revealed that raccoon dog-origin PCV2 strains shared 100% sequence similarity with the PCV2 stains isolated from pig farms around these raccoon dog farms, respectively. In this study, the first supported evidence of PCV2 prevalence in raccoon dog farms of China was documented. PCV2 may be one of the most significant causative agents resulting in the reproductive failure of farmed raccoon dogs, implying that PCV2 could transmit from pigs to raccoon dogs. That indicated that PCV2 cross-species transmission will be a serious threat to China’s fur animal farming industry.

/pdf/first-detection-and-phylogenetic-analysis-of-porcine-46wfoaw53a.pdf

First detection and phylogenetic analysis of porcine circovirus type 2 in raccoon dogs.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a causative agent of porcine circovirus-associated disease (PCVAD), which is a serious problem in the swine industry worldwide In recent years, nonporcine-origin PCV2 has attracted more and more attention of the researchers This study reported on the first identification of PCV2 in farmed foxes with reproductive failure Three fox-origin PCV2 strains were successfully isolated, sequenced, and designated as FoxHB1, FoxHB2, and FoxHB3 respectively Pairwise-sequence comparisons of the complete genomes revealed that three fox-origin PCV2 strains had nucleotide identities varied from 919% to 997% with representative strains of PCV2 different genotypes Meanwhile, phylogenetic analysis based on complete genomes of 44 PCV2 strains indicated that the fox-origin PCV2 strains belonged to Chinese epidemic genotypes PCV2b and PCV2d These results provided the first supported evidence that PCV2 could infect foxes, implying that the cross-species transmission of PCV2 would be a big threat to Chinese fur animal-bearing industry

https://www.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tbed.13004

First detection and genetic analysis of fox-origin porcine circovirus type 2.

Canine adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1) causes infectious canine hepatitis (ICH), a frequently fatal disease which primarily affects canids In this study, serology (ELISA) and molecular techniques (PCR/qPCR) were utilised to investigate the exposure of free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) to CAV-1 in the United Kingdom (UK) and to examine their role as a wildlife reservoir of infection for susceptible species The role of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2), primarily a respiratory pathogen, was also explored In foxes with no evidence of ICH on post-mortem examination, 29 of 154 (188%) red foxes had inapparent infections with CAV-1, as detected by a nested PCR, in a range of samples, including liver, kidney, spleen, brain, and lung CAV-1 was detected in the urine of three red foxes with inapparent infections It was estimated that 302 of 469 (644%) red foxes were seropositive for canine adenovirus (CAV) by ELISA CAV-2 was not detected by PCR in any red foxes examined Additional sequence data were obtained from CAV-1 positive samples, revealing regional variations in CAV-1 sequences It is concluded that CAV-1 is endemic in free-ranging red foxes in the UK and that many foxes have inapparent infections in a range of tissues

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Gill Hartley

Papers

Serological and molecular epidemiology of canine adenovirus type 1 in red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes ) in the United Kingdom