IUCNs Protected Areas Management Categories, which classify protected areas according to their management objectives, are today accepted as the benchmark for defining, recording and classifying protected areas.They are recognized by international bodies such as the United Nations as well as many national governments. As a result, they are increasingly being incorporated into government legislation. These guidelines provide as much clarity as possible regarding the meaning and application of the Categories. They describe the definition of the Categories and discuss application in particular biomes and management approaches.

Guidelines for applying protected area management categories

This paper uses 10 criteria for governance to evaluate the eight management models that most commonly underpin recreation and tourism partnerships in parks and protected areas. The varying financial status, political propensities and history in different countries have led to the development of different approaches to partnership management. When governance criteria were applied to the management models, those with high involvement by nonprofit organizations ranked higher in terms of the ideals of good governance. The highest ranked model was the public, nonprofit combination model. Conversely, those models with high degrees of for-profit operations ranked lower. The lowest ranked model was the aboriginal and government model. The analysis suggests that the 10 criteria for governance are not treated equally in practice; financial efficiency may be a pivotal criterion given more importance.

Governance of recreation and tourism partnerships in parks and protected areas.

1 - Ecotourism: Competing and conflicting schools of thought by James Higham Part I. Generic issues in ecotourism 2 - Definition paradoxes: From concept to definition by Peter Bjork 3 - Ecotourism as a western construct by Erlet Cater 4 - Ecotourism and Global Environmental Change by Stefan Gossling 5 - Ecotourism, energy use and the global climate - widening the local perspective by Susanne Becken and Matthias Schellhorn 6 - Ecotourism and biosecurity by C. Michael Hall. 7 - Ecotourism: Pondering the paradoxes by James Higham and Michael Luck 8 - Against the current: Striving for ethical ecotourism by Agnes Nowaczek, Cesar Moran-Cahusac and David Fennell 9 - The role of sustainable tourism in international development: Prospects for economic growth, alleviation of poverty, and environmental conservation by Megan Epler Wood 10 - Ecotourism and gender issues by Regina Scheyvens 11 - Ecotourism, CSR, and the fourth dimension of sustainability by Pam Wight Part II. Critical issues in ecotourism policy, planning and management 12 - Scaling Ecotourism: The role of scale in understanding the impacts of ecotourism by C. Michael Hall 13 - Defining critical habitats: The spatio-ecological approach to managing tourism-wildlife interactions by James Higham and David Lusseau 14 - Ecotourism and wildlife habituation by Eric Shelton and James Higham 15 - Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation in Asia: Institutional challenges and opportunities by Janet Cochrane 16 - Indigenous ecotourism: Conservation and resource rights by Heather Zeppel 17 - Indigenous perspectives on ecotourism in Nepal: The Ghale Kharka-Sikles and Sirubari experience by Sanjay K. Nepal 18 - China: Ecotourism and cultural tourism: Harmony or dissonance? By Trevor Sofield 19 - Ecotourism certification: Potential and challenges by Xavier Font 20 - Negotiating the obstacles: Owner/operator perspectives on 'nature' tourism in New Zealand by Anna Carr 21 - Critical issues in ecotourism: Which school of thought should prevail? By James Higham

http://www.gbv.de/dms/goettingen/531799999.pdf

Critical Issues in Ecotourism: understanding a complex tourism phenomenon

Working with indigenous, local and scientific knowledge in assessments of nature and nature's linkages with people

The traditional patterns of land use that have created many of the worlds cultural landscapes contribute to biodiversity, support ecological processes, provide important environmental services, and have proven sustainable over the centuries. Protected landscapes can serve as living models of sustainable use of land and resources, and offer important lessons for sustainable development. Examples of these landscapes and the diverse strategies needed to maintain this essential relationship between people and the land are provided.

The protected landscape approach : linking nature, culture and community

Conventional approaches to managing protected areas have often seen people and nature as separate entities. They preclude human communities from using natural resources and assume that their concerns are incompatible with conservation. Protected area approaches and models that see conservation as compatible with human communities are explored. The main themes are co-managed protected areas and community conserved areas. Practical guidance is offered, drawing on recent experience, reflections and advice developed at the local, national, regional and international level.

Indigenous and local communities and protected areas : towards equity and enhanced conservation (Arabic version)

Indigenous and local communities and protected areas : towards equity and enhanced conservation

La gestion participative des ressources naturelles : organisation, négociation et apprentissage par l'action

Le processus collectif de comprehension et daction par les communautes locales et dautres acteurs sociaux se trouve au cur de la « cogestion » des ressources naturelles. Ce processus aboutit a des accords negocies sur les roles de gestion, les droits, les responsabilites et rendent explicites les conditions et institutions pour une gouvernance saine et decentralisee. De fait, la cogestion revient a partager le pouvoir. Cette publication vise a soutenir ceux qui severtuent a mieux comprendre les processus de gestion collaborative, et a les developper et les renforcer dans la pratique. Lexperience des acteurs sociaux apprenant par la pratique et qui de ce fait ameliorent leur capacite de gestion de maniere continue est a la base de ce livre, de meme que la maniere complexe et inspirante dont les conditions socio-politiques peuvent etre ameliorees par le biais de la democratie participative.

Partager le pouvoir : cogestion des ressources naturelles et gouvernance partagée de par le monde

Is it possible to go beyond what the State declares to be the best way to manage natural resources? If yes, how? This publication attempst to answer these questions, by providing a practical manual for project officers, community members, government staff, NGO staff and others interested in participatory approaches to managing natural resources. It offers guidelines, checklists, concepts, ideas and a range of methods and tools to facilitate a co-management process. By making these available, it is hoped that a variety of social actors will be assisted as they strive to figure out "how best to manage natural resources".

Grazia Borrini

Papers

Indigenous and local communities and protected areas : towards equity and enhanced conservation (Arabic version)

Indigenous and local communities and protected areas : towards equity and enhanced conservation

La gestion participative des ressources naturelles : organisation, négociation et apprentissage par l'action

Partager le pouvoir : cogestion des ressources naturelles et gouvernance partagée de par le monde

Manejo conjunto de los recursos naturales : organizarse, negociar y aprender en la acción