A Guideline of Selecting and Reporting Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for Reliability Research

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

Study design The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) has become one of the principal condition-specific outcome measures used in the management of spinal disorders. This review is based on publications using the ODI identified from the authors' personal databases, the Science Citation Index, and hand searches of Spine and current textbooks of spinal disorders. Objectives To review the versions of this instrument, document methods by which it has been validated, collate data from scores found in normal and back pain populations, provide curves for power calculations in studies using the ODI, and maintain the ODI as a gold standard outcome measure. Summary of background data It has now been 20 years since its original publication. More than 200 citations exist in the Science Citation Index. The authors have a large correspondence file relating to the ODI, that is cited in most of the large textbooks related to spinal disorders. Methods All the published versions of the questionnaire were identified. A systematic review of this literature was made. The various reports of validation were collated and related to a version. Results Four versions of the ODI are available in English and nine in other languages. Some published versions contain misprints, and many omit the scoring system. At least 114 studies contain usable data. These data provide both validation and standards for other users and indicate the power of the instrument for detecting change in sample populations. Conclusions The ODI remains a valid and vigorous measure and has been a worthwhile outcome measure. The process of using the ODI is reviewed and should be the subject of further research. The receiver operating characteristics should be explored in a population with higher self-report disabilities. The behavior of the instrument is incompletely understood, particularly in sensitivity to real change.

https://womenshealthapta.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/oswestry-fairbanks.pdf

The Oswestry Disability Index.

Condition-specific health status measures are commonly used as outcome measures in clinical trials and to assess patient progress in routine clinical practice. The expert panel that met to discuss this special issue of Spine recommended that, when possible, a condition-specific measure for back pain should be chosen from two widely used measures, the Roland–Morris Disability Questionnaire (RDQ) or the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). These two measures have been used in a wide variety of situations over many years, and each is available in a number of languages. In this article, the authors describe these two instruments and provide evidence of their validity and reliability and some comparative results obtained with the use of the two questionnaires. The instruments themselves are included in the appendixes. When used in the forms reproduced in the appendixes, no permission is required from the authors or from Spine. Other back pain–specific health status measures are described by Kopec elsewhere in this edition of Spine.

The Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire.

CROMBACH, Lee J., GLESER, Goldine C., NANDA, Harinder & RAJARATNAM, Nageswar. The dependability of behavioral measurements: theory of generalizability for scores and profiles. New York, John Wiley and Sons, 1972.

The dependability of behavioral measurements: theory of generalizability for scores and profiles

Part I: Characteristics of the Spine and Spinal Cord 1. Surface Anatomy of the Back and Vertebral Levels of Clinically Important Structures 2. General Characteristics of the Spine 3. General Anatomy of the Spinal Cord 4. Muscles That Influence the Spine 5. The Cervical Region 6. The Thoracic Region 7. The Lumbar Region 8. The Sacrum, Sacro-iliac Joint, and Coccyx Part II: Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord, Autonomic Nervous System, and Pain of Spinal Origin 9. Neuroanatomy of the Spinal Cord 10. Neuroanatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System 11. Pain of Spinal Origin Part III: Spinal Development, Pediatric Spine, and Microscopic Anatomy 12. Development of the Spine and Spinal Cord 13. Unique Anatomic Features of the Pediatric Spine 14. Microscopic Anatomy of the Zygapophyseal Joints, Intervertebral Discs, and Other Major Issues of the Back

Basic and Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS

STUDY DESIGN A blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that chiropractic side-posture manipulation (adjusting) of the lumbar spine separates (gaps) the zygapophysial (Z) joints. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Spinal adjusting is thought to gap the Z joints, yet no studies have conclusively validated this hypothesis, and some investigators have reported that the lumbar Z joints do not gap during rotation. METHODS For this study, 64 healthy student volunteers (32 men and 32 women) ages 22 to 30 years with no history of significant low back pain were randomized into four groups of 8 men and 8 women each. Interventions included lumbar side-posture spinal adjusting (manipulation) and side-posture positioning. Anterior to posterior measurements of the Z joints from MRI scans taken before and after side-posture spinal adjusting and before and after side-posture positioning were compared. RESULTS Observers performing the measurements were blinded as to group and first and second scans. Reliability of the measurements was established. Differences were found between the groups (F = 24.15; P < 0.000, analysis of variance). Side-posture positioning showed greater gapping than the control condition (mean difference, 1.18; P < 0.000); side-posture adjusting showed greater gapping than the control condition (mean difference, 1.89; P < 0.000), and side-posture adjusting showed greater gapping than side-posture positioning (mean difference, 0.71; P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Spinal adjusting produced increased separation (gapping) of the Z joints. Side-posture positioning also produced gapping, but less than that seen with lumbar side-posture adjusting. This study helps to increase understanding about the mechanism of action for spinal manipulation.

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The effects of side-posture positioning and spinal adjusting on the lumbar Z joints: a randomized controlled trial with sixty-four subjects.

Basic Science Research Related to Chiropractic Spinal Adjusting: The State of the Art and Recommendations Revisited

A comparison of outcome measures for use with back pain patients: results of a feasibility study.

Effects of side-posture positioning and side-posture adjusting on the lumbar zygapophysial joints as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: a before and after study with randomization.

Gregory D. Cramer

Papers

Basic and Clinical Anatomy of the Spine, Spinal Cord, and ANS

The effects of side-posture positioning and spinal adjusting on the lumbar Z joints: a randomized controlled trial with sixty-four subjects.

Basic Science Research Related to Chiropractic Spinal Adjusting: The State of the Art and Recommendations Revisited

A comparison of outcome measures for use with back pain patients: results of a feasibility study.

Effects of side-posture positioning and side-posture adjusting on the lumbar zygapophysial joints as evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging: a before and after study with randomization.