The first wall of a deuterium-tritium fusion reactor is regenerated in situ. The first wall substantially surrounds an enclosed reaction region confined within the reaction chamber of the reactor. To regenerate a worn first wall without opening the reactor chamber, a gaseous substance is introduced into the chamber, at least a portion of the gaseous substance comprising material, such as low Z refractory material, suitable for forming the first wall. At least a portion of this material is deposited, as by pyrolysis, in solid form on the first wall to regenerate the first wall, and residual gas is removed from the chamber. The chamber is then recharged with a mixture of deuterium and tritium. All the while the inflow of contaminants into the chamber is substantially excluded. Preferably, the pyrolysis of the gaseous substance is effected by energizing the coils used in the operation of the reactor for producing a plasma of deuterium and tritium ions in the reaction chamber.

In situ regeneration of the first wall of a deuterium-tritium fusion device

Apparatus and method are provided for heat treatment of a tubular preform material that is loaded onto the outer surface of an electrically conductive mandrel forming a rotatable tubular shaped resistance heater.

Heat treated formation of tubular articles

A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650° F. plus material which is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900° to about 1400° F., and under a pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute sufficient for causing a conversion per pass in the range of about 50% to about 90% while producing coke in amounts in the range of about 6 to about 14% by weight based on fresh feed, and laying down coke on the catalyst in amounts in the range of about 0.3 to about 3% by weight. The spent, coke-laden catalyst is separated from the stream of hydrocarbons formed by vaporized feed and resultant cracking products and regenerated in one or more regeneration beds in one or more regeneration zones by burning the coke on the spent catalyst with oxygen. The regenerated catalyst is recycled to the reactor and contacted with fresh carbo-metallic oil. Compounds of aluminum, silicon, zirconium or titanium or a mixture of two or more of those metal compounds is added to the catalyst in an amount and in a form sufficient to reduce the amount of gas formation caused by heavy metals deposited on the catalyst during the conversion reaction.

Passivating heavy metals in carbo-metallic oil conversion

An intravenous fluid warmer consisting of an inner dielectric tube (26) of high heat conductivity and high dielectric material. Coextruded over the inner tube is a conductive polymer tube (25). A regulated power supply (35) is attached to the conductive tube to pass current through it, thereby heating it as well as the inner tube through which an IV solution passes.

Iv fluid warmer

A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products while adding magnesium chloride to modify heat output. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650° F. and material which is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900° to about 1400° F., and under a pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute sufficient for causing a conversion per pass in the range of about 50% to about 90% while producing coke in amounts in the range of about 6 to about 14% by weight based on fresh feed, and laying down coke on the catalyst in amounts in the range of about 0.3 to about 3% by weight. The spent, coke-laden catalyst from the stream of hydrocarbons formed by vaporized feed and resultant cracking products is separated and regenerated in one or more regeneration beds in one or more regeneration zones by burning the coke on the spent catalyst with oxygen. The bed density is in the range of about 25 to about 50 pounds per cubic foot and the bed or beds are sustained by fluidization gas containing combustion-supporting gas having a linear velocity in the range of about 0.2 to about 4 feet per second. MgCl 2 is added to the catalyst and is converted to MgO, which reduces sulfur oxide emissions, and a chlorine component, which reduces the CO 2 /CO ratio, thereby reducing the heat output of the regenerator. The catalyst particles are retained in the regeneration zone or zones in contact with the combustion-supporting gas for an average total residence time in said zone or zones of about 5 to about 30 minutes to reduce the level of carbon on the catalyst to about 0.25% by weight or less. The regenerated catalyst is recycled to the reactor and contacted with fresh carbon-metallic oil.

Grosse Aristid

Papers

Method for heating hydrogen gas

Suppressing the oxidation of co to co2 in a fixed bed regenerator