Pooled data indicate that prophylactic hypothermia is not significantly associated with decreased mortality when compared with normothermic controls. However, preliminary findings suggest that a greater decrease in mortality risk is observed when target temperatures are maintained for more than 48 h. Prophylactic hypothermia is associated with significantly higher Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores when compared to scores for normothermic controls.

Guidelines for the management of severe traumatic brain injury. III. Prophylactic hypothermia.

Therapeutic hypothermia has been used to attenuate the effects of traumatic brain injuries. However, the required degree of hypothermia, length of its use, and its timing are uncertain. We undertook a comprehensive meta-analysis to quantify benefits of hypothermia therapy for traumatic brain injuries in adults and children by analyzing mortality rates, neurologic outcomes, and adverse effects.
Electronic databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov and manual searches of studies were conducted for relevant publications up until February 2016.
Forty-one studies in adults (n = 3,109; age range, 18-81 yr) and eight studies in children (n = 454; age range, 3 mo to 18 yr) met eligibility criteria.
Baseline patient characteristics, enrollment time, methodology of cooling, target temperature, duration of hypothermia, and rewarming protocols were extracted.
Risk ratios with 95% CIs were calculated. Compared with adults who were kept normothermic, those who underwent therapeutic hypothermia were associated with 18% reduction in mortality (risk ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70-0.96; p = 0.01) and a 35% improvement in neurologic outcome (risk ratio, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.18-1.54; p < 0.00001). The optimal management strategy for adult patients included cooling patients to a minimum of 33°C for 72 hours, followed by spontaneous, natural rewarming. In contrast, adverse outcomes were observed in children who underwent hypothermic treatment with a 66% increase in mortality (risk ratio, 1.66; 95% CI, 1.06-2.59; p = 0.03) and a marginal deterioration of neurologic outcome (risk ratio, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.80-1.01; p = 0.06).
Therapeutic hypothermia is likely a beneficial treatment following traumatic brain injuries in adults but cannot be recommended in children.

Meta-Analysis of Therapeutic Hypothermia for Traumatic Brain Injury in Adult and Pediatric Patients.

Objective:Two series of experiments were designed to evaluate whether early arginine vasopressin improves acute outcome following resuscitation from traumatic brain injury and severe hemorrhagic hypotensionDesign:Prospective randomized, blinded animal study.Setting:University laboratory.Subjects:Thi

Effects of arginine vasopressin during resuscitation from hemorrhagic hypotension after traumatic brain injury.

Severe traumatic brain injury remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The use of therapeutic interventions such as hypertonic saline administration and decompressive craniectomy have solid foundations and can improve outcomes, although questions remain about patient selection, optimal timing, and comparisons to other treatments. Hypothermia, while having promise, has not definitively been shown to benefit patients with traumatic brain injury, although clinical trials are underway. The use of beta-blockers in traumatic brain injury has been proposed as a neuroprotective measure, but data are lacking to support widespread clinical use. Brain tissue oxygenation monitoring is gaining widespread acceptance as a safe tool to provide additional information both to guide therapeutic interventions and to further elucidate mechanisms of secondary brain injury. Evidence is also mounting that guided therapy using brain tissue oxygenation in addition to intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure monitoring leads to better outcomes after traumatic brain injury.

Current trends in neurotrauma care.

The impact of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) on long-term neurological outcome is still controversial. Data on the effects of TH on brain homeostasis are mostly derived from experimental research. Invasive multimodal neuromonitoring techniques may provide additional insight into pathophysiological changes associated with primary or secondary brain injury in humans. In this study we describe the principles of multimodal neuromonitoring and its potential in the clinical setting of TH. We call for more research using multimodal neuromonitoring techniques in patients undergoing TH to optimize cooling and rewarming strategies.

Can Therapeutic Hypothermia Be Guided by Advanced Neuromonitoring in Neurocritical Care Patients? A Review.

Objective: To study the changes of partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO 2) and brain temperature in acute phase of severe head injury during mild hypothermia therapy and the clinical significance Methods: One hundred and sixteen patients with severe head injury were selected and divided into a mild hypothermia group (n=58), and a control group (n=58) according to odd and even numbers of hospitalization While mild hypothermia therapy was performed PbtO 2 and brain temperature were monitored for 1 7 days (mean=86 hours), simultaneously, the intracranial pressure, rectum temperature, cerebral perfusion pressure, PaO 2 and PaCO 2 were also monitored The patients were followed up for 6 months and the prognosis was evaluated with GOS (Glasgow outcome scale) Results: The mean value of PbtO 2 within 24 hour monitoring in the 116 patients was 137 mm Hg ± 494 mm Hg , lower than the normal value (16 mm Hg ± 40 mm Hg ) The time of PbtO 2 recovering to the normal value in the mild hypothermia group was shortened by 10± 415 hours compared with the control group (P 005 ) The survival rate of the mild hypothermia group was 6043 %, higher than that of the control group ( 4655 %) After the recovery of the brain temperature, PbtO 2 increased with the rise of the brain temperature Conclusions: Mild hypothermia can improve the survival rate of severe head injury The technique of monitoring PbtO 2 and the brain temperature is safe and reliable, and has important clinical significance in judging disease condition and instructing clinical therapy

Study on changes of partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen and brain temperature in acute phase of severe head injury during mild hypothermia therapy.

Guan-ren Zhou

Papers

Study on changes of partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen and brain temperature in acute phase of severe head injury during mild hypothermia therapy.