Amfibi ve surungenlerin kis mevsimi boyunca yasayabilmek icin olumsuz hava kosullarina toprak altinda bir siginak arayarak yanit verdigi bir gercektir. Mevcut literatur, bazi surungen ve amfibi turlerinin bilinen hibernasyon donemlerinden once ozellikle de dusuk rakimlarda aktif olabildigini gostermistir. Bu calismada, yuksek rakimda degisen hava kosullarinin ayni habitatlari paylasan bazi amfibi ve surungen turleri uzerinde benzer etkilere neden olabilecegini rapor ettik. Bu calismada Lacerta media , Bufo bufo ve Rana macrocnemis 'in erken aktivitesi Turkiye’nin Gumushane ilinde rapor edilmistir. Bazi amfibi ve surungen turlerinde bilinen kis uykusu donemlerinden onceki aktivitelerinin nedenlerinden birisi soz konusu turlerin degisen sicakliklara karsi cok hassas olmalari olabilir. Kuresel isinmanin amfibiler ve surungenler uzerindeki etkileri acikca gorulmektedir ve kis aylarinda aktif olabilirler. Bu durum akla, L. media , B. bufo ve R. macrocnemis 'in hava sicakliklari izin verdigi surece aktif olabileceklerini getirmektedir.

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Early waking from hibernation in some amphibian and reptile species from Gümüşhane Province of Turkey

Little is known about the phylogeographic history of amphibian populations along the western Fennoscandinavian coast.
In the present study, we focus on the common toad (Bufo bufo) and document the spatial distribution of mitochondrial
DNA (cytb) haplotypes at 20 localities along its coastal Norwegian range. Two common haplotypes (out of eight haplotypes
in total) were represented by 142 out of the 154 (92%) investigated individuals. However, they were shared at only three
localities and clustered at two separate geographic regions each. The most common haplotype (55% of individuals) has
previously been found to be abundant across central and eastern Europe, whereas the second most common haplotype
(37% of individuals) has so far only been recorded in Sweden. The disjunct distribution of genetic lineages is in line with an
assumption that the Norwegian coastline was postglacially colonised both from the south as well as across mountain passes
from the east. Our data support previous studies on the phylogeography of Fennoscandinavia that revealed that post-glacial
recolonisation patterns led to a pronounced spatial structure of local populations.

Genetic diversity of common toads (Bufo bufo) along theNorwegian coast : disjunct distribution of locally dominanthaplotypes

widespread species with an extensive Euro-Asiatic distribution (note that the taxonomy of B. bufo has recently been revised: Recuero et al., 2012; Arntzen et al., 2013; 2014). Its northern distribution reaches 68° N in Finland (Sinsch et al., 2009) and in Norway, on the Dønna island, almost 66° 15’ N)(Pedersen and Dolmen, 1994). The common toad is, for the most part in and north of the Alps, an explosive breeder, i.e. the animals come together in large numbers at a breeding site for a short breeding period (Wells, 1977; Hartel et al., 2007; for exceptions see Sinsch et al., 2009). Population sizes can vary enormously both on a regional and a temporal scale, from less than 100 up to several thousands of individuals, and by a factor of up to 40 even between successive years (see Sinsch et al., 2009 for an overview). In Scandinavia, published maximum numbers for single populations (i.e. within one breeding locality) so far are in the range of 300–500 individuals. The data are from the Trondheim area (Hemelaar, 1988) and the Bømlo area (Roth, 2011) both in Norway, and the Lund area in Sweden (Loman and Madsen, 1986). The pond in Lund is part of a complex of breeding ponds with a total maximum number of 1054 males and 614 females (Loman and Madsen, 2010). Although the common toad is not a threatened animal in Norway (see Dolmen, 2015) and it is very common for instance on the western coastland (Salvidio et al., 1993), the species has undergone an unexplained decline regionally in south-eastern parts of the country (Semb-Johansson, 1992; Semb-Johansson et al., 2012). In this article we present detailed information about two much larger Scandinavian toad populations, both in western Norway, with several thousand individuals. We have collected data from two localities: the lakes Nesvatnet in the county of Hordaland and Litlevatnet in the county of Møre & Romsdal. Nesvatnet is located near Mundheim (Kvam municipality, province Hordaland; 60.1652°N�� 5.9375°E). The lake is eutrophic with moderate. transparency, about 70000 m2 in area and situated 20 m a.s.l. There exist extensive shallow water areas with dense vegetation dominated by bottle sedge Carex rostrata, bogbean Menyanthes trifoliata and water lilies Nymphaea alba and Nuphar lutea. As part of a typical Norwegian fjord landscape, the lake is located on a peninsula surrounded by suitable terrestrial toad habitats such as natural pine Pinus sylvestris and mixed forest, bogs, heather Calluna vulgaris/Erica spp., and, in more than half of the immediate surroundings, meadows with groups of trees (Nord et al., 2013). The catchment area of the lake is quite large, and Nesvatnet is the only suitable water body for toads in an area of about 15 km2 that is bordered by the sea and by steep rocks to the north rising to 300–400 m a.s.l. In Nesvatnet our data are based mainly on head counting by Torstein Solhøy (TS), SR and KN in 2010–2014. We usually counted once per breeding period on a relatively mild evening after sunset. The lake was covered once either by walking or by rowboat or a combination of both. Male and female toads were counted separately using hand counters. Sex determination was based on size only. In doing so, small females that were not in Herpetology Notes, volume 9: 325-330 (2016) (published online on 06 December 2016)

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Gunnar Wangen

Papers

Large populations of the common toad Bufo bufo in Norway