There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review 17 Am. Bankr. Inst. L. Rev., No. 1, Spring, 2009. Boston College Law Review 50 B.C. L. Rev., No. 3, May, 2009. Boston University Public Interest Law Journal 18 B.U. Pub. Int. L.J., No. 2, Spring, 2009. Cardozo Journal of Conflict Resolution 10 Cardozo J. Conflict Resol., No. 2, Spring, 2009. Cardozo Public Law, Policy, & Ethics Journal 7 Cardozo Pub. L. Pol’y & Ethics J., No. 3, Summer, 2009. Chicago Journal of International Law 10 Chi. J. Int’l L., No. 1, Summer, 2009. Colorado Journal of International Environmental Law and Policy 20 Colo. J. Int’l Envtl. L. & Pol’y, No. 2, Winter, 2009. Columbia Journal of Law & the Arts 32 Colum. J.L. & Arts, No. 3, Spring, 2009. Connecticut Public Interest Law Journal 8 Conn. Pub. Int. L.J., No. 2, Spring-Summer, 2009. Cornell Journal of Law and Public Policy 18 Cornell J.L. & Pub. Pol’y, No. 1, Fall, 2008. Cornell Law Review 94 Cornell L. Rev., No. 5, July, 2009. Creighton Law Review 42 Creighton L. Rev., No. 3, April, 2009. Criminal Law Forum 20 Crim. L. Forum, Nos. 2-3, Pp. 173-394, 2009. Delaware Journal of Corporate Law 34 Del. J. Corp. L., No. 2, Pp. 433-754, 2009. Environmental Law Reporter News & Analysis 39 Envtl. L. Rep. News & Analysis, No. 7, July, 2009. European Journal of International Law 20 Eur. J. Int’l L., No. 2, April, 2009. Family Law Quarterly 43 Fam. L.Q., No. 1, Spring, 2009. Georgetown Journal of International Law 40 Geo. J. Int’l L., No. 3, Spring, 2009. Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 22 Geo. J. Legal Ethics, No. 2, Spring, 2009. Golden Gate University Law Review 39 Golden Gate U. L. Rev., No. 2, Winter, 2009. Harvard Environmental Law Review 33 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev., No. 2, Pp. 297-608, 2009. International Review of Law and Economics 29 Int’l Rev. L. & Econ., No. 1, March, 2009. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation 24 J. Envtl. L. & Litig., No. 1, Pp. 1-201, 2009. Journal of Legislation 34 J. Legis., No. 1, Pp. 1-98, 2008. Journal of Technology Law & Policy 14 J. Tech. L. & Pol’y, No. 1, June, 2009. Labor Lawyer 24 Lab. Law., No. 3, Winter/Spring, 2009. Michigan Journal of International Law 30 Mich. J. Int’l L., No. 3, Spring, 2009. New Criminal Law Review 12 New Crim. L. Rev., No. 2, Spring, 2009. Northern Kentucky Law Review 36 N. Ky. L. Rev., No. 4, Pp. 445-654, 2009. Ohio Northern University Law Review 35 Ohio N.U. L. Rev., No. 2, Pp. 445-886, 2009. Pace Law Review 29 Pace L. Rev., No. 3, Spring, 2009. Quinnipiac Health Law Journal 12 Quinnipiac Health L.J., No. 2, Pp. 209-332, 2008-2009. Real Property, Trust and Estate Law Journal 44 Real Prop. Tr. & Est. L.J., No. 1, Spring, 2009. Rutgers Race and the Law Review 10 Rutgers Race & L. Rev., No. 2, Pp. 441-629, 2009. San Diego Law Review 46 San Diego L. Rev., No. 2, Spring, 2009. Seton Hall Law Review 39 Seton Hall L. Rev., No. 3, Pp. 725-1102, 2009. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 18 S. Cal. Interdisc. L.J., No. 3, Spring, 2009. Stanford Environmental Law Journal 28 Stan. Envtl. L.J., No. 3, July, 2009. Tulsa Law Review 44 Tulsa L. Rev., No. 2, Winter, 2008. UMKC Law Review 77 UMKC L. Rev., No. 4, Summer, 2009. Washburn Law Journal 48 Washburn L.J., No. 3, Spring, 2009. Washington University Global Studies Law Review 8 Wash. U. Global Stud. L. Rev., No. 3, Pp.451-617, 2009. Washington University Journal of Law & Policy 29 Wash. U. J.L. & Pol’y, Pp. 1-401, 2009. Washington University Law Review 86 Wash. U. L. Rev., No. 6, Pp. 1273-1521, 2009. William Mitchell Law Review 35 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev., No. 4, Pp. 1235-1609, 2009. Yale Journal of International Law 34 Yale J. Int’l L., No. 2, Summer, 2009. Yale Journal on Regulation 26 Yale J. on Reg., No. 2, Summer, 2009.

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Current index to legal periodicals

Biological control involves the use of beneficial organisms, their genes, and/or products, such as metabolites, that reduce the negative effects of plant pathogens and promote positive responses by the plant. Disease suppression, as mediated by biocontrol agents, is the consequence of the interactions between the plant, pathogens, and the microbial community. Antagonists belonging to the genus Trichoderma are among the most commonly isolated soil fungi. Due to their ability to protect plants and contain pathogen populations under different soil conditions, these fungi have been widely studied and commercially marketed as biopesticides, biofertilizers and soil amendments. Trichoderma spp. also produce numerous biologically active compounds, including cell wall degrading enzymes, and secondary metabolites. Studies of the three-way relationship established with Trichoderma, the plant and the pathogen are aimed at unravelling the mechanisms involved in partner recognition and the cross-talk used to maintain the beneficial association between the fungal antagonist and the plant. Several strategies have been used to identify the molecular factors involved in this complex tripartite interaction including genomics, proteomics and, more recently, metabolomics, in order to enhance our understanding. This review presents recent advances and findings regarding the biocontrol-resulting events that take place during the Trichoderma –plant–pathogen interaction. We focus our attention on the biological aspects of this topic, highlighting the novel findings concerning the role of Trichoderma in disease suppression. A better understanding of these factors is expected to enhance not only the rapid identification of effective strains and their applications but also indicate the potentials for improvement of natural strains of Trichoderma .

Trichoderma–plant–pathogen interactions

Rapid evolution of interspecific interactions (during a timespan of about 100 years) has the potential to be an important influence on the ecological dynamics of communities. However, despite the growing number of examples, rapid evolution is still not a standard working hypothesis for many ecological studies on the dynamics of population structure or the organization of communities. Analysis of rapid evolution as an ecological process has the potential to make evolutionary ecology one of the most central of applied biological sciences.

/pdf/rapid-evolution-as-an-ecological-process-56ltfaxw59.pdf

Rapid evolution as an ecological process.

Plants support a diverse array of bacteria, including parasites, mutualists, and commensals on and around their roots, in the vasculature, and on aerial tissues These microbes have a profound influence on plant health and productivity Bacteria physically interact with surfaces to form complex multicellular and often multispecies assemblies, including biofilms and smaller aggregates There is growing appreciation that the intensity, duration, and outcome of plant-microbe interactions are significantly influenced by the conformation of adherent microbial populations Biofilms on different tissues have unique properties, reflecting the prevailing conditions at those sites Attachment is required for biofilm formation, and bacteria interact with plant tissues through adhesins including polysaccharides and surface proteins, with initial contact often mediated by active motility Recognition between lectins and their cognate carbohydrates is a common means of specificity Biofilm development and the resulting intimate interactions with plants often require cell-cell communication between colonizing bacteria

Biofilm Formation by Plant-Associated Bacteria

Glucosinolates contained in members of the Brassicaceae release isothiocyanates potentially useful in controlling Fusarium oxysporum pathogens in conifer seedling nursery soils. Our objective was to determine the toxicity of individual isothiocyanates to different growth stages of the fungus. Bioassays with four F. oxysporum isolates were conducted using sealed containers in which 0.3 μl of 2-propenyl, ethyl, buty, phenylethyl, benzyl, or phenyl isothiocyanate was allowed to volatilize. Propenyl and ethyl isothiocyanates were the most fungistatic of those compounds tested. The same concentrations of propenyl and ethyl isothiocyanates that inhibited mycelial growth completely suppressed conidial and chlamydospore germination of all isolates. Other isothiocyanates including ethyl, benzyl, and phenethyl were also fungitoxic to F. oxysporum conidia and chlamydospores. Reduction in pathogen populations resulting from a green-manure crop are likely achievable since chlamydospores are sensitive to isothiocyanate. Pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates infesting nursery soils would likely be most suppressed by species of plants such as Brassica carinata, B. nigra, and B. juncea, which contain glucosi-nolates that release high concentrations of propenyl isothiocyanate.

https://apsjournals.apsnet.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1094/PDIS.2003.87.4.407

Isothiocyanates Produced by Brassicaceae Species as Inhibitors of Fusarium oxysporum

Trichoderma harzianum was cotransformed with genes encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), beta-glucuronidase (GUS), and hygromycin B (hygB) resistance, using polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation. One cotransformant (ThzID1-M3) was mitotically stable for 6 months despite successive subculturing without selection pressure. ThzID1-M3 morphology was similar to that of the wild type; however, the mycelial growth rate on agar was reduced. ThzID1-M3 was formed into calcium alginate pellets and placed onto buried glass slides in a nonsterile soil, and its ability to grow, sporulate, and colonize sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum was compared with that of the wild-type strain. Wild-type and transformant strains both colonized sclerotia at levels above those of indigenous Trichoderma spp. in untreated controls. There were no significant differences in colonization levels between wild-type and cotransformant strains; however, the presence of the GFP and GUS marker genes permitted differentiation of introduced Trichoderma from indigenous strains. GFP activity was a useful tool for nondestructive monitoring of the hyphal growth of the transformant in a natural soil. The green color of cotransformant hyphae was clearly visible with a UV epifluorescence microscope, while indigenous fungi in the same samples were barely visible. Green-fluorescing conidiophores and conidia were observed within the first 3 days of incubation in soil, and this was followed by the formation of terminal and intercalary chlamydospores and subsequent disintegration of older hyphal segments. Addition of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-glucuronic acid (X-Gluc) substrate to recovered glass slides confirmed the activity of GUS as well as GFP in soil. Our results suggest that cotransformation with GFP and GUS can provide a valuable tool for the detection and monitoring of specific strains of T. harzianum released into the soil.

Cotransformation of Trichoderma harzianum with β-Glucuronidase and Green Fluorescent Protein Genes Provides a Useful Tool for Monitoring Fungal Growth and Activity in Natural Soils

Brassica tissues are potentially useful in the control of Aphanomyces root rot of peas (Pisum sativum), but identity of the responsible compounds and specific impacts of those compounds on the pathogen's infection potential remain uncertain. Brassica napus seed meals and water extracts from these meals were used to determine the effect of glucosinolate hydrolysis products on Aphanomyces euteiches f. sp. pisi. B. napus meal (‘Dwarf Essex’) containing glucosinolates and intact myrosinase, the enzyme responsible for glucosinolate hydrolysis, completely inhibited infection by A. euteiches f. sp. pisi oospores. Water extracts from this meal, likewise, severely inhibited infection by oospores, as well as mycelial growth. Extracts from autoclaved ‘Dwarf Essex’ meal, in which myrosinase was denatured, and a low glucosinolate B. napus variety (‘Stonewall’) produced little disease reduction and had less impact on mycelial growth. Gas chromatographic analysis of Brassica tissues and water extracts confirmed...

Toxicity of Glucosinolate Degradation Products from Brassica napus Seed Meal Toward Aphanomyces euteiches f. sp. pisi.

In the laboratory, Trichoderma harzianum strain ThzID1, formulated as mycelial fragments in alginate pellets with or without wheat bran incorporated, colonized sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in raw or steamed soil. Incidence of colonization was higher in steamed soil than in raw soil, higher at 25 C than at 15 C, and higher at −500 kPa than at −50 kPa but was not affected by bran in pellets. Some sclerotia were colonized by indigenous Trichoderma spp. Pellets containing T. harzianum were added to soil in a pea (Pisum sativum) field or field microplots at densities of 4 × 10 2 − 2 × 10 4 pellets per square meter, along with sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum (.)

Potential for biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through colonization of sclerotia by Trichoderma harzianum

Radial growth rates and hyphal densities were quantified for hyphae originating from alginate pellets containing hyphae of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Pellets containing 1.8 mg of hyphal biomass (mean dry weight) and either 0 or 2.5 mg of wheat bran were buried beneath sheets of nylon mesh in a steamed silt loam soil, then incubated at 15, 20, or 25 °C and −0.03, −0.1, or −0.5 MPa soil matric potential. Extent of hyphal growth was visually mapped after 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 14 days, and mean radii were calculated from digitized maps (...)

Guy R. Knudsen

Papers

Isothiocyanates Produced by Brassicaceae Species as Inhibitors of Fusarium oxysporum

Cotransformation of Trichoderma harzianum with β-Glucuronidase and Green Fluorescent Protein Genes Provides a Useful Tool for Monitoring Fungal Growth and Activity in Natural Soils

Toxicity of Glucosinolate Degradation Products from Brassica napus Seed Meal Toward Aphanomyces euteiches f. sp. pisi.

Potential for biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through colonization of sclerotia by Trichoderma harzianum

Effects of temperature, soil moisture, and wheat bran on growth of Trichoderma harzianum from alginate pellets.