Impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita Le cause e le responsabilita dei cambiamenti climatici sono state trattate sul numero di ottobre della rivista Cda. Approfondiamo l’argomento presentando il documento: “Cambiamenti climatici 2007: impatti, adattamento e vulnerabilita” votato ad aprile 2007 dal secondo gruppo di lavoro del Comitato Intergovernativo sui Cambiamenti Climatici (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Si tratta del secondo di tre documenti che compongono il quarto rapporto sui cambiamenti climatici.

/pdf/climate-change-2007-impacts-adaptation-and-vulnerability-31xc1cf4d3.pdf

Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.

Climate change 2014 - Synthesis Report

The cultural origins of human cognition

Over the past 50 years, humans have altered their environment to a significant extent, although human well-being is dependent on ecosystem functioning. Ecosystems are particularly affected by unsustainable use of resources, such as, food, water, and timber. Ecosystem functions depend on water, carbon, and other nutrients cycles. Human activities have modified these cycles in a number of way. Use of ecosystems for recreation, spiritual enrichment, cultural purposes, and for other short term benefits is growing continuously, although ecosystem capacity to provide such services has reported to be declined significantly. Human well-being depends on material welfare, health, good social relations, security and freedom, which are affected by changes in ecosystem services. Intensive ecosystem use often produces short-term advantage. Poverty level remains high in more than one billion people, who are dependent on ecosystems with an income of less than $1 per day as reported elsewhere. Regions including some parts of Africa, Asia and Latin America have the greatest ecosystemrelated problems and are facing developmental challenges. Habitat change occurs, for instance, when the area of land used for agriculture or cities is expanded. Instability and unproductivity including desertification, water logging, mineralization and many other unwanted outcomes throughout the world are continuing. Habitat fragmentation by roads, canals, power lines limits the species potential for dispersal and colonization. Indirect drivers, like changes in human population, economic activity and technology as well as socio-political and cultural factors affect ecosystems by influencing direct drivers. World climate has changed and continues to change, affecting temperature, rainfall and sea levels. Intensive fertilizer use has polluted ecosystems. Climate change and high nutrient levels in water are becoming increasing problems. Ecosystem management for shortterm benefits is increasing. Loss of biodiversity makes it difficult for ecosystems to recover from damage. Once an ecosystem has undergone an abrupt change, recovery to the original state is slow, costly, and sometimes impossible. Changes in ecosystems complexity- functioning relationships could diminish the stability, resistance and resilience of managed terrestrial ecosystems, and may jeopardize important food and fibre sources, and ability of natural ecosystems both to provide natural resources, and to remove pollutants from atmosphere. Ecological complexity and ecosystem functioning depend on factors that govern species coexistence. Complexity of landscapes is determined by number of ecosystem types, their characteristics, their sizes and shapes, and associated connectivity. Complexity at this scale would have large consequences on regional to global scale processes. Presence and arrangement of keystone ecosystem types, such as, wetlands often determine total carbon and nitrogen balance of a region. Changes in average or extreme environmental events and intense land use management are believed to increase species extinction rate in isolated habitat fragments. Loss of key species, such as, top predators, fruit dispersers and pollinators from habitat may severely disrupt ecosystems functioning. Land use changes due to expanding urbanization, concomitant landscape fragmentation and intensification of production systems. Such change results in transformation of an ecosystem, form one state to another state, via a transition phase. The combined value of 17 ecosystem services has been reported in the estimated range of US$16-54 trillion per year by Costanza and others. About 30% of modern medicines are developed from plants and animals, and 10 of the world's 25 topselling drugs in 1997 were reported to be derived from natural sources. Global market value of pharmaceuticals derived from genetic resources is estimated at US $ 75 000-150 000 million annually. Some 75% of the world's populations rely for health care on traditional medicines, which are derived directly from natural sources as recorded elsewhere. Socio-economic development of human civilization and human well-being depends on long-term health of environment including ecosystems. Environmental problems are generally addressed in isolation, but practically such problems are interrelated, and originate from the root cause of unsustainable development. Damage to natural ecosystems and release of environmental pollutants must be minimized for protecting natural ecosystem, and human well-being.

Ecosystems and Human Well-Being

https://ejournal.ukm.my/akademika/article/download/598/4025

Friction: An Ethnography of Global Connection

Slavery - A Question of Definition A Forgotten Corner of the Indian Ocean - Gujarati Merchants, Portuguese India and the Mozambique Slave-Trade, c.1730-1830 The Mascarene Slave-Trade and Labour Migration in the Indian Ocean during the 18th and 19th Centuries Flight to Freedom - Escape from Slavery among Bonded Africans in the Indian Ocean World, c.1750-1962 Violent Capture of People for Exchange on Karen-Tai Borders in the 1830s Human Capital, Slavery and Low Rates of Economic and Population Growth in Indonesia, 1600-1910 Forced Labour Mobilization during the World War II The Structure of Slavery in the Sulu Zone in the Late 18th and 19th Centuries Slavery and Colonial Representations in Indochina from the Second Half of the 19th to the Early 20th Centuries Slaves and Forms of Slavery in Late Imperial China (17th to Early 20th Centuries) Nobi - A Korean System of Slavery A Theme in Variations - A Historical Schema of Slaving in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean Regions.

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

Purpose – This introductory paper aims to place the contributions to this special issue within the context of the recent impact of globalisation on the wine industry, characterised by rapidly growing and evolving international markets, the expansion of New World wines on international markets, and the response of Old World rivals to New World competition.Design/methodology/approach – This paper examines the new competitive environment in the wine industry created by globalisation and outlines the way in which the authors of the papers in this special issue have contributed to an understanding of that environment.Findings – This paper reflects a renewed academic interest in winemaking, one of the most dynamic and rapidly developing agricultural sectors.Originality/value – The paper hightlights how the authors of the papers in this special issue have contributed to an understanding of this new competitive environment.

Introduction: Old World strategies against New World competition in a globalising wine industry

The distinguishing feature of the Malagasy slave trade in the nineteenth century was the co-existence of two competitive slave networks, the one feeding Malagasy slaves to meet the demand of long-distance and regional markets in the western Indian Ocean, and the other channelling Malagasy war captives and East African slaves on to the markets of Imerina. The export of slaves from Madagascar had long existed, but the import of slaves was a new and distinctly nineteenth-century phenomenon, the result of the rise of the Merina empire, whose economy was based on a huge, unremunerated and servile labour force. As the empire expanded, so its labour requirements grew, to conflict sharply with the increasing demand for labour on the neighbouring plantation islands as they shifted over to the production of sugar. Creole merchants found themselves obliged to find alternative labour supplies, and from the 1830s they were moving rapidly down the west coast of Madagascar, where they purchased slaves from chiefs independent of Merina control. Until the outbreak of the Franco-Merina war of 1882–5, the slave-trade networks remained remarkably stable, despite local rivalries. This was due largely to the presence of the Arab Antalaotra, an experienced body of middlemen, and the Indian Karany who supplied the capital for the trade. The war effectively broke the power of the Merina regime, and as the imperial economy crumbled, so security of trade collapsed across the island. Though the disruption of legitimate commerce initially spurred the slave trade, it also strengthened creole calls for French intervention. This occurred in 1895, and the following year the French authorities abolished slavery in Madagascar. This, and the effective military occupation of the island by the French, reduced the Malagasy slave trade to a trickle by the first years of the twentieth century.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0021853700019411

Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810–1895

(2003). Introduction: Slavery and other forms of Unfree Labour in the Indian Ocean World. Slavery & Abolition: Vol. 24, The Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia, pp. ix-xxxii.

Introduction: Slavery and other forms of Unfree Labour in the Indian Ocean World

Introduction 1 The traditional economy, 1750-1820: industry and agriculture 2 The traditional economy, 1750-1820: commerce 3 Empire and the adoption of autarky, 1810-26 4 Industry and agriculture, 1820-95 5 Labour, 1820-95 6 Population, 1820-95 7 The trading structure, 1820-95 8 Foreign trade, 1820-95 9 The slave trade, 1820-95 10 Transport and communications, 1820-95 11 Currency and finance, 1820-95 12 Madagascar in the scramble for Indian Ocean Africa Epilogue The rise and fall of imperial Madagascar Appendices Bibliography Glossary Index

Gwyn Campbell

Papers

Structure of Slavery in Indian Ocean Africa and Asia

Introduction: Old World strategies against New World competition in a globalising wine industry

Madagascar and the Slave Trade, 1810–1895

Introduction: Slavery and other forms of Unfree Labour in the Indian Ocean World

An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire