1 The Recognition of Spoken Words.- 2 Prosodic Structure and Word Recognition.- 3 Spoken Words in Sentence Contexts.- 4 Morphology and Word Recognition.- 5 The Architecture of the Mental Lexicon.- 6 The Reading of Words and Sentences.- 7 Sentence Parsing.- 8 Discourse Comprehension.- 9 The Neurobiology of Language Processing.

Language comprehension : a biological perspective

To support arguments for an integrative approach to the study of writing, this report summarizes past and current trends in writing research and the resulting implications. The introduction discusses pre-1970s, 1970s, and 1980s research trends, noting that current research focuses on the context in which writing takes place and points out the benefits of building a social cognitive theory of writing. The first section, containing a review of relevant research, begins with a section on the uses of writing, stressing the notion of "communicative competence" as the individual's knowledge of appropriate uses of language in varied social contexts. This section also looks at the direction of current research, literacy communities, and the evaluation of written language. The second section of the literature review examines the nature of writing, and includes information on current research trends, possible new directions in research and their implications, writing processes and products, the role of technology, and individual differences in composing strategies. The third section of the report examines the acquisition of writing skills, with subsections on current research trends, the connection between writing and learning, the role of adults and peers, computer responses to writing, and new directions in research. The final section of the report suggests areas for future research. Twenty-one pages of references are included. (JC) *********************************************************************** * Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * * from the original document. * ******************************************************************x**** Center for the Study of Writing U S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Once of Educational Research and improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) This document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it C. Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction duality Points of view or opinions stated in this docu meat do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy University of California, Berkeley Carnegie Mellon University 2 BEST COPY AVAILABLE

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Research in Writing: Past, Present, and Future.

.....................................................................................................i Acknowledgements........................................................................................ii

Klytaimestra: Genetic and Gender Conflict in Greek Tragedy

A detailed review of the literature concerned with the social and psychological aspects of blindness is presented. In particular, emphasis is placed on the areas of blindness in children, personal and social adjustment to blindness, attitudes to blindness, and communication in the adult blind. Many of the problems created by blindness, for example in communication between blind and sighted people, are outlined. These problems are shown to have implications for the integration of the blind person into a sighted society, for the coping and adjustment of the blind, and for the attitudes of the sighted. Unfortunately, much of the available evidence is based on anecdotal or biographical material or on clinical case reports and observations. A case is made for carefully controlled investigations into the social and psychological aspects of blindness. The paper concludes with a consideration of current developments.

Social Psychological Aspects of Blindness: A Review

The perception that women use different speech from men, and employ it differently, is much older than the science of linguistics. When Euripides’ relative in Women at the Thesmophoria disguises himself as a woman, he does so linguistically as well as physically, and in the end it is a matter of terminology as much as anything else that betrays him. On a different level, Hesiod describes Hermes giving Pandora ‘lies and crooked words’, as opposed to the straight speech of good men: women’s words are associated with sexual persuasion as being their most dangerous characteristic.2 In this essay I would like to leave on one side the Hesiodic type of approach to women’s speech as a genre, and concentrate on a more basic series of questions: did the Greek tragedians try to make their women sound like women? If they did, why did they, what methods did they use, and what effect does their attempt have on their plays?3 The details of how women’s and men’s speech differ from each other vary greatly from language to language and from culture to culture, and the interpretation of these differences is endlessly fought over by linguists, so though these questions may seem limited, they are very hard to answer. Here I will only suggest some short and Classical Quarterly 51.2 374–384 (2001) Printed in Great Britain 374

Women's speech in Greek Tragedy: The case of Electra and Clytemnestra in Euripides' Electra

THE CLASSICAL REVIEW containing references), why not have the 'notes of reference' also at the foot of the page ? And, though the two indexes, of modern works cited and of passages cited, with the table of contents, give one nearly all that is needed, there is something to be said for a conventional index. The reviewer wished to refer to the passages, of which there are at least two, where Wordsworth is mentioned, but because there is no quotation from him and no work of his is cited, looked in vain for him in the indexes.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/S0009840X00218246

Psycho-Linguistics Harry and Agathe Thornton: Time and Style . A Psycho-Linguistic Essay in Classical Literature. Pp. xii+138. London: Methuen, 1962. Cloth, 30s. net.

THE manuscripts give 966—70 all to Prometheus : Tyrwhitt and Erfurdt restored 968-9 to Hermes, a change which has won general acceptance and seems certain. But 970 is still difficult. In the first place TOUS vflpi£oi>Tas is grammatically ambiguous: is it subject or object of ippiieiv? If we take it (1) as subject, we shall follow Wilamowitz's interpretation '\"sic, i.e. oboedientia sua, superbire decet superbos\" scil. Titan quamuis uictus et cruci affixus iure superbit, quia morem uni gerit contumaciae animi sui', with Prometheus referring to his own attitude. The objection to this is that if TOVS vpp££ovras is the subject of vfipildv, heavy emphasis is thrown on ovras (just as e.g. at Plat. Prot. 352 d-e, in

The House of the Atridae

probably corresponded to a syllable in the text; and that the line is presumably not iambic, and therefore probably came from a description of the metamorphosis elsewhere in the play. (Pfeiffer points out that the line could be hypodochmius+iambic dimeter or ithyphallicus+lecythion; it is also conceivable that xeAajvTjs and Kepxyos should be transposed, and that it is part of a trochaic tetrameter). /cap/Savoy al06s (col. ii, 26) remains a mystery. Pfeiffer, like Lobel, is inclined to think that Zeus begot the black Epaphus in the form of a black. But even this is not certain. Pfeiffer takes 8* in col. ii, 6 as an instance of the kind of Se that occurs at the beginning of a narration (see Denniston, Greek Particles, p. 171). But as Professor P. Maas has pointed out to me, 6 8' here could very well indicate a change of subject; and this possibility is strengthened when one considers 6 [(iev(?) and 6 8', in 11. 27 and 28. Were there perhaps two strangers ? and were they Zeus and Hermes ? If so, the 'sooty barbarian' may not have been Zeus after all. The odd story of Hermes scaring naughty children by blacking his face with soot that is told by Callimachus, Hymns 3,66 f., may have some basis in earlier mythology ? Did Hermes make a habit of blacking his face?

The Poetry of Greek Tragedy Richmond Lattimore: The Poetry of Greek Tragedy . Pp. vii + 157. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (London: Oxford University Press), 1958. Cloth, 18s. net.

has pointed out to me that ev Kevols is equivalent to 'at the expense of us •who are left unprotected'. 223: cf. also Menander, Aspis 356-9. 225: on Aesch. Suppl. 212-14 (discussed on p . 147) see Pasquali, Riv. Fil. ii (1924), 246 f. 277: a full stop, not a comma, should stand at the end of this line. P. 148: on •etymologies of names in tragedy see also Pfeiffer, S.B. der Bay. Akad. 1938, heft ii, 9. n. 2. P. 153 : for aorepamos see also Aeschylus fr. 170 N., where Bentley's •emendation is surely right. P. 161 : on sacrifices to Hestia see Rh. Mas. ciii {i960), 78f. Appendix A deals with the treatment of the Phaethon legend in Ovid's Metamorphoses and in Nonnus' Dionysiaca. Diggle comes down firmly in favour of Ovid's dependence on Nonnus, and indeed the investigations of the last twenty years have tended gradually to confirm the view of Rudolf Keydell, the greatest living authority on the late Greek epic poets, that they made use of Latin sources. The Hellenistic source postulated by Wilamowitz cannot be proved to have existed. But can it be proved not to have existed ? I am not as sure as Diggle seems to be. A second appendix deals with the treatments by O_. Sulpicius Maximus (Peek, Gr. Versinschriften, no. 1924), Lucian, and Philostratus, and a third with the monuments; there are also a full bibliography and useful indexes. Like most reviewers, I have used most of my space for disagreeing with my author ; but I have much enjoyed and profited from his book. He holds some of his opinions very strongly, and in consequence uses strong language, which is unfortunate when the opinions in question happen to be less than certain; but these are faults which movement in time and space will cure. He knows the relevant literature admirably, yet refrains from deluging the reader with learned references; he is critically alert and always ready to question orthodox opinion; he knows Greek well, and explains the text fully but concisely in a style which though sometimes rhetorical is not inflated. His book is by far the most useful treatment of this important text, and both deserves and will repay a careful study.

Euripidean Drama D. J. Conacher: Euripidean Drama: Myth, Theme, and Structure. Pp. xiii+355. Toronto: University Press (London: Oxford University Press), 1968. Cloth, £3·25.

most of the divisions look a priori reasonable. Occasional doubts arise, however: one suspects that the improbable trochaic trimeters in Tr. 132 ff. are dragged in because if syncopated iambics were carried all through it would be too obvious that the natural division of the epode was into two periods, not three to match the other stanzas. Space does not allow here a discussion of various innovations in the colometry of these plays. The translation is of the kind usual in this series; it is far less literal than Jebb and makes no attempt to reproduce the concentration of the original, but reads agreeably and is immediately intelligible. Here and there one might query a point: Tr. 307 rls TOT' etveavlScav; is not 'quies-tuparmices jeunesfilles?' 5491 (with n.) is ruinously misconceived; can Ant. 536 einep rjS' ofwppodet mean 'puisqu'elle-m&ne avoue'? On Tr. 100 irovrias avXwvas see now Lloyd-Jones in C.Q..iv (1954), 91. One might also question the implications of some of the stage-directions—'sortent du gynecee', for instance, or 'Creon, portant le corps de son fils dans ses bras'.

Concordance to Euripides James T. Allen and Gabriel Italie: A Concordance to Euripides . Pp. xi+f 686. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press (London: Cambridge University Press), 1954. Cloth, 75s. net.

H. C. Baldry

Papers

Psycho-Linguistics Harry and Agathe Thornton: Time and Style . A Psycho-Linguistic Essay in Classical Literature. Pp. xii+138. London: Methuen, 1962. Cloth, 30s. net.

The House of the Atridae

The Poetry of Greek Tragedy Richmond Lattimore: The Poetry of Greek Tragedy . Pp. vii + 157. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press (London: Oxford University Press), 1958. Cloth, 18s. net.

Euripidean Drama D. J. Conacher: Euripidean Drama: Myth, Theme, and Structure. Pp. xiii+355. Toronto: University Press (London: Oxford University Press), 1968. Cloth, £3·25.

Concordance to Euripides James T. Allen and Gabriel Italie: A Concordance to Euripides . Pp. xi+f 686. Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press (London: Cambridge University Press), 1954. Cloth, 75s. net.