Superconductivity is the technology that enabled the construction of the most recent generation of high-energy particle accelerators, the largest scientific instruments ever built. In this review we trace the evolution of superconducting materials for particle accelerator magnets, from the first steps in the late 1960s, through the rise and glory of Nb–Ti in the 1970s, till the 2010s, and the promises of Nb3Sn for the 2020s. We conclude with a perspective on the opportunities for high-temperature superconductors (HTSs). Many such reviews have been written in the past, as witnessed by the long list of references provided. In this review we put particular emphasis on the practical aspects of wire and tape manufacturing, cabling, engineering performance, and potential for use in accelerator magnets, while leaving in the background matters such as the physics of superconductivity and fundamental material issues.

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Superconducting Materials and Conductors:. Fabrication and Limiting Parameters

Enhancement of magnetoresistance due to hall current in aluminium-copper composite

The study of CP-violating asymmetries in $B^0$ decays to CP eigen- states promises, at last, to allow a test of the Standard Model explanation of CP violation. More generally, the measurement of these CP asymmetries can provide us with a series of unique, and uniquely stringent, consistency tests of the quark sector of the Standard Model. These tests, which will be carried out by the BABAR detector at PEP-II, will provide us with perhaps the best chance to challenge the Standard Model in new and quantitatively precise ways. This challenge has come about through the interplay of a series of experimental and theoretical events....

Letter of Intent for the Study of CP Violation and Heavy Flavor Physics at PEP-II

Since the discovery of superconductivity almost a century ago, there has been a steady increase in the variety of superconducting magnet applications. Progress in superconducting magnet technology has resulted in applications in areas of basic science, medicine, separation, and levitation. Performance improvements in a variety of materials, from low-temperature to high-temperature superconductors, are the foundation of recent rapid development. In addition, large increases in affordable computing power, along with steady refinement of three-dimensional analytical tools and improved materials characterization, have allowed many more advanced magnet concepts to be realized directly in hardware without scale prototype testing than was previously possible. This in turn has broadened opportunities for new science and technology results in many fields including the basic sciences, medical imaging, fusion, environmental remediation, and transportation. In this paper, a few examples of these applications will be discussed, representing a range in magnetic field, current density, and overall size, from the practical to the developmental.

Superconducting magnets and their applications

The influence on the propagation velocity of the normal zone of four phenomena was investigated: (1) the temperature dependence of the specific heat and the thermal conductivity; (2) the current-sharing zone; (3) the electromagnetic diffusion of current through a possible superstabilizer; and (4) the thermal diffusion through a possible insulator. At the beginning, these influences were studied independently of each other. In all cases, after a model of the particular phenomenon was created, the equations of thermal and electromagnetic behavior were solved analytically and the expressions for the propagation velocity obtained. These expressions were then put into nondimensional forms, which have allowed four correction factors to be defined that take into account the influences studied, and depend only on one or two nondimensional parameters. Subsequent studies were made to investigate how to combine these correction factors to obtain general formulas for the velocity, taking into account a part or all of these influences. A review is presented of these formulas, which are of interest for the superconducting windings where the heat transfer to helium can be neglected on the time scale of the quench process. >

General formulas for the adiabatic propagation velocity of the normal zone

A large thin-wall superconducting solenoid has been constructed at Saclay and mounted on a large detector CELLO. This is one of the experiments installed on the e+e- colliding beam facility PETRA at DESY (Hamburg).

Construction and Test of the Cello Thin-Wall Solenoid

A large superconducting solenoid is being designed for the LEP detector ALEPH. The general design is briefly described as well as qualification tests for the Alu-stabilized conductor under development for this magnet.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/jpa-00223726/document

General design and conductor study for the ''ALEPH'' superconducting solenoid

A large superconducting magnet system has been installed and is currently operated at the PETRA storage ring (Desy/Hamburg) for the CELLO detector. This system has been carried out as a joint collaboration of CEN/, Saclay and ITP/Karlsruhe and includes as main components a large "thin wall" solenoid cooled by force flow in a pipe bonded to the winding, two bath-cooled compensating solenoids, a 450 W liquifier-refrigerator unit and all connecting lines and appropriate control equipment designed for long-term automatic operation. The system has been in operation for nearly two years with continuous runs exceeding three months and has provided considerable technical experience.

H. Desportes

Papers

Construction and Test of the Cello Thin-Wall Solenoid

General design and conductor study for the ''ALEPH'' superconducting solenoid

Long term experience on the superconducting magnet system for the CELLO detector