http://www.renewablefarming.com/images/2015Images/2015PDF/20150815-glyphosate-toxic.pdf

Potential toxic effects of glyphosate and its commercial formulations below regulatory limits.

Rate constants for direct reactions of ozone with several drinking water contaminants

The major pesticides of the world are glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH), and their toxicity is highly debated. To understand their mode of action, the comparative herbicidal and toxicological effects of glyphosate (G) alone and 14 of its formulations were studied in this work, as a model for pesticides. GBH are mixtures of water, with commonly 36-48% G claimed as the active principle. As with other pesticides, 10-20% of GBH consist of chemical formulants. We previously identified these by mass spectrometry and found them to be mainly families of petroleum-based oxidized molecules, such as POEA, and other contaminants. We exposed plants and human cells to the components of formulations, both mixed and separately, and measured toxicity and human cellular endocrine disruption below the direct toxicity experimentally measured threshold. G was only slightly toxic on plants at the recommended dilutions in agriculture, in contrast with the general belief. In the short term, the strong herbicidal and toxic properties of its formulations were exerted by the POEA formulant family alone. The toxic effects and endocrine disrupting properties of the formulations were mostly due to the formulants and not to G. In this work, we also identified by mass spectrometry the heavy metals arsenic, chromium, cobalt, lead and nickel, which are known to be toxic and endocrine disruptors, as contaminants in 22 pesticides, including 11 G-based ones. This could also explain some of the adverse effects of the pesticides. In in vivo chronic regulatory experiments that are used to establish the acceptable daily intakes of pesticides, G or other declared active ingredients in pesticides are assessed alone, without the formulants. Considering these new data, this assessment method appears insufficient to ensure safety. These results, taken together, shed a new light on the toxicity of these major herbicides and of pesticides in general.

Toxicity of formulants and heavy metals in glyphosate-based herbicides and other pesticides

The current chronic kidney disease epidemic, the major health issue in the rice paddy farming areas in Sri Lanka has been the subject of many scientific and political debates over the last decade. Although there is no agreement among scientists about the etiology of the disease, a majority of them has concluded that this is a toxic nephropathy. None of the hypotheses put forward so far could explain coherently the totality of clinical, biochemical, histopathological findings, and the unique geographical distribution of the disease and its appearance in the mid-1990s. A strong association between the consumption of hard water and the occurrence of this special kidney disease has been observed, but the relationship has not been explained consistently. Here, we have hypothesized the association of using glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide in the disease endemic area and its unique metal chelating properties. The possible role played by glyphosate-metal complexes in this epidemic has not been given any serious consideration by investigators for the last two decades. Furthermore, it may explain similar kidney disease epidemics observed in Andra Pradesh (India) and Central America. Although glyphosate alone does not cause an epidemic of chronic kidney disease,

https://www.infosperber.ch/data/attachements/Glysophat_Studie_Sri%20Lanka.pdf

Glyphosate, Hard Water and Nephrotoxic Metals: Are They the Culprits Behind the Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease of Unknown Etiology in Sri Lanka?

Claims have been made recently that glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops sometimes have mineral deficiencies and increased plant disease. This review evaluates the literature that is germane to these claims. Our conclusions are: (1) although there is conflicting literature on the effects of glyphosate on mineral nutrition on GR crops, most of the literature indicates that mineral nutrition in GR crops is not affected by either the GR trait or by application of glyphosate; (2) most of the available data support the view that neither the GR transgenes nor glyphosate use in GR crops increases crop disease; and (3) yield data on GR crops do not support the hypotheses that there are substantive mineral nutrition or disease problems that are specific to GR crops.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/jf302436u

Glyphosate Effects on Plant Mineral Nutrition, Crop Rhizosphere Microbiota, and Plant Disease in Glyphosate-Resistant Crops

/pdf/stability-constants-of-copper-ii-zinc-manganese-ii-calcium-c6c5i3ms72.pdf

Stability Constants of Copper(II), Zinc, Manganese(II), Calcium, and Magnesium Complexes of N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycine (Glyphosate).

/pdf/calcium-phosphate-crystallization-iii-overall-growth-1slwewckz6.pdf

Calcium Phosphate Crystallization. III. Overall Growth Kinetics of Tetracalcium Monohydrogen Phosphate.

/pdf/heterogeneous-nucleation-of-calcium-phosphates-i-kinetics-of-3ltq6hcurp.pdf

Heterogeneous Nucleation of Calcium Phosphates. I. Kinetics of Nucleation of Tetracalcium Monohydrogen Phosphate on Crystals of Calcium Monohydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate.

/pdf/ionic-concentrations-in-calcium-phosphate-solutions-i-3pzsm56k5l.pdf

Ionic Concentrations in Calcium Phosphate Solutions. I. Solutions Saturated with Respect to Brushite or Tetracalcium Monohydrogen Phosphate at 37 degrees C.

/pdf/calcium-phosphate-crystallization-iv-kinetics-of-1d2pbyfn2r.pdf

H. E. Lundager Madsen

Papers

Stability Constants of Copper(II), Zinc, Manganese(II), Calcium, and Magnesium Complexes of N-(Phosphonomethyl)glycine (Glyphosate).

Calcium Phosphate Crystallization. III. Overall Growth Kinetics of Tetracalcium Monohydrogen Phosphate.

Heterogeneous Nucleation of Calcium Phosphates. I. Kinetics of Nucleation of Tetracalcium Monohydrogen Phosphate on Crystals of Calcium Monohydrogen Phosphate Dihydrate.

Ionic Concentrations in Calcium Phosphate Solutions. I. Solutions Saturated with Respect to Brushite or Tetracalcium Monohydrogen Phosphate at 37 degrees C.

Calcium Phosphate Crystallization. IV. Kinetics of Heterogeneous Nucleation of Tetracalcium Monohydrogen Phosphate on Brushite Crystals.