Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Although currently available drugs are useful in controlling early onset complications of diabetes, serious late onset complications appear in a large number of patients. Considering the physiopathology of diabetes, preventing beta cell degeneration and stimulating the endogenous regeneration of islets will be essential approaches for the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The current review focused on phytochemicals, the antidiabetic effect of which has been proved by pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration. Among the hundreds of plants that have been investigated for diabetes, a small fraction has shown the regenerative property and was described in this paper. Processes of pancreatic beta cell degeneration and regeneration were described. Also, the proposed mechanisms for the protective/regenerative effects of such phytochemicals and their potential side effects were discussed.

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Pancreatic beta cell protection/regeneration with phytotherapy

Azadirachta indica L. is a multipurpose medicinal tree of family Meliaceae. It occurs in tropical and semitropical regions of the world. Different parts of this miraculous tree are used to treat pyrexia, headache, ulcer, respiratory disorders, cancer, diabetes, leprosy, malaria, dengue, chicken pox, and dermal complications. The tree is popular for its pharmacological attributes such as hypolipidemic, antifertility, microbicidal, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antipyretic, hypoglycemic, insecticidal, nematicidal, antiulcer, antioxidant, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, and antileishmaniasis properties. A. indica is also rich in various phytochemicals for pharmaceuticals such as alkaloids, steroids, flavonoids, terpenoids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates. The fungicidal potential of the tree is due to the presence of azadirachtin and nimbin. Herein, we have compiled a comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, pharmacological attributes, and therapeutic prospective of this multipurpose tree.

A comprehensive review of phytochemical profile, bioactives for pharmaceuticals, and pharmacological attributes of Azadirachta indica

Eimeriosis, a widespread infectious disease of livestock, is caused by coccidian protozoans of the genus Eimeria. These obligate intracellular parasites strike the digestive tract of their hosts and give rise to enormous economic losses, particularly in poultry, ruminants including cattle, and rabbit farming. Vaccination, though a rational prophylactic measure, has not yet been as successful as initially thought. Numerous broad-spectrum anti-coccidial drugs are currently in use for treatment and prophylactic control of eimeriosis. However, increasing concerns about parasite resistance, consumer health, and environmental safety of the commercial drugs warrant efforts to search for novel agents with anti-Eimeria activity. This review summarizes current approaches to prevent and treat eimeriosis such as vaccination and commercial drugs, as well as recent attempts to use dietary antioxidants as novel anti-Eimeria agents. In particular, the trace elements selenium and zinc, the vitamins A and E, and natural products extracted from garlic, barberry, pomegranate, sweet wormwood, and other plants are discussed. Several of these novel anti-Eimeria agents exhibit a protective role against oxidative stress that occurs not only in the intestine of Eimeria-infected animals, but also in their non-parasitized tissues, in particular, in the first-pass organ liver. Currently, it appears to be promising to identify safe combinations of low-cost natural products with high anti-Eimeria efficacy for a potential use as feed supplementation in animal farming.

Towards identifying novel anti-Eimeria agents: trace elements, vitamins, and plant-based natural products

Clothianidin (CTD) is a neonicotinoid developed in the 1990s as an insecticide having selective toxicity, but it was later found to cause reproductive abnormalities in rats through oxidative stress. There is an attempt to preserve endangered animals, including the Japanese crested ibis, in Japan. However, there is a concern that neonicotinoid affects the reproduction of this bird, since it is used in its habitat. CTD toxicity in the birds is poorly understood, so we investigated whether or not the daily oral administration of CTD has any deleterious effects on the reproductive functions of mature male quails as experimental animals. The animals were randomly divided into four groups of 6 or 7 quails each, treated orally with 0, 0.02, 1 or 50 mg CTD/kg body weight (Control, CTD0.02, CTD1 and CTD50). After that the males bred with untreated females to estimate the egg weights, and rates of fertilization and normal development, the testes, liver and spleen were examined histologically. Vacuolization and the number of germ cells having fragmented DNA in seminiferous tubules, and the number and size of vacuoles in hepatocytes increased dose-dependently. There were no significant differences in egg weights and fertilization rates between the groups, but some eggs of the CTD1 and CTD50 groups failed to develop, and embryonic length decreased dose-dependently. Thus, it was found that CTD affected the reproduction of the male quail through the fragmentation of germ cells and the inhibition or delay of embryonic development.

Effects of exposure to clothianidin on the reproductive system of male quails.

This study investigated the protective effect of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves against cisplatin-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity. Neem leaves showed significant protection as evidenced by the decrease of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, gamma glutamyl transpeptidase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, creatinine, uric acid and urea. This improvement of physiological function was associated with high protection against histopathological injury induced by cisplatin on liver and kidney. These results suggest that neem leaves pre, co and post-treatment can prevent the hepato and nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin.

	 

	Key words: Cisplatin, Azadirachta indica, liver, kidney, rats.

Physiological and histological impact of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves extract in a rat model of cisplatin-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity

2 Abstract: The present study was planned to c ompare the histopathological and h istochemical effects of the i nsect growth regulator, lufenuron and the o rganophosphorus insecticide, profenofos, on the l iver and kidney of rats. Administration of both compounds to r ats with o ne-tenth of their median lethal doses for two months (day by day) , the t oxicants were withdrawn for 30 days to allow reco very from toxicity. The 10 50 histopathological investigation indicated that / LD caused venous congestion in the liver, focal necrosis 1 of hepatocytes in t he portal and peri portal areas. Many of the hepatocytes are pal e-stained and a few exhibit early vacuolation. Also, several cells show histological features of necrosis. Kidney exhibited inflammatory cell infiltration, congestion an d hy percellularity of the glomeruli. The histochemical examination indicated depletion of t he polysaccharides in liver a nd kidney. T his stud y sh owed that b oth of lufenuron an d prof enofos caused hi stopathological and hi stochemical effects in l iver and ki dney tissues even after the recovery p eriod. T he effects o f L ufenuron are more strength th an profenofos.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdel_Razik_Farrag/publication/228754269_Comparative_histopathological_and_histochemical_studies_on_IGR_lufenuron_and_profenofos_insecticide_albino_rats/links/0046352a4b6931734c000000.pdf

Comparative Histopathological and Histochemical Studies on IGR, Lufenuron and Profenofos Insecticide Albino Rats

Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the hematological and histopathological effects of thiamethoxam insecticide on albino rats, the traces of this insecticide in stomach, fats, brain, liver and kidney were determined. Methods: Administration of thiamethoxam insecticide to rats with one-tenth of median lethal dose ( 1 /10 LD 50 ) for ten days (10 repetitive doses), the toxicants was withdrawn for 10 days to allow recovery from toxicity. Results: The obtained data indicated that thiamethoxam caused significant increase in ALT and amylase activities. In addition, creatinine concentration showed increase after 5 and 10 days of treatment, and then decreased after 10 days of recovery. While triglyceride revealed significant reduction, which reached its maximum after 10 days of treatments it did not return to normal; no significant changes in albumin concentration were noticed. Microscopic examination of liver showed disturbed of the hepatic lobule structure, vacuoles in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. In addition, section of kidney showed lobulated glomeruli, a large area haemorrhage and congested blood vessels that showed thickening in their walls, as well as congestion and hemorrhagic areas was noticed in spleen sections. Thiamethoxam residues in stomach are high (2.17 and 3.78 ppm) followed by fats (1.7 and 3.03 ppm) and brain (1.6 and 2.78 ppm) after 5 and 10 days of treatment; while, residues in kidney and liver are low. But no residues were detected in the kidney at the end of recovery period. Conclusion: Our results suggested that this insecticide caused impairment of the physiological parameters and histological features in albino rats. Therefore, these effects may influence the use of this insecticide against pests attacking vegetables in fruit stage.

Toxicological potential of thiamethoxam insecticide on albino rats and its residues in some organs

5 Abstract: The objectives of this study were to assess in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of aqueous extract of Negro pepper (Xylopia aethiopica) fruits, determine its total phenolics content and estimate its volatile constituents by GC-MS as well as investigate its protective effect against panadol-induced hepatic and renal toxicity in male rats. Our results indicated that Xylopia aethiopica fruits infusion has high phenolics content and possesses high antioxidant activity in vitro. Thirty five volatile compounds were identified. The main volatile compounds are cis-linalool oxide (47.11%), Carveol (13.2%), buten-1-ol (9.05%), iso-borneol (4.91%) and Borneol (4.14%). Twenty eight adult rats were used for studying the effects of the plant infusion on panadol (paracetamol) and hepatic and renal toxicity. Biochemical results showed that Panadol induced significant increase (P<0.05) in plasma alanine amino transferase (ALT), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alkaline phosphates (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total bilirubin, direct bilirubin, urea and creatinine levels as well as significant decrease (P<0.05) in total proteins, albumin and some antioxidant biomarkers; total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase (CAT) and cellular glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Administration of aqueous Xylopia aethiopica extract decreased the toxic elevation in plasma bio-indicators of liver and kidney functions and increased previous antioxidant biomarkers. The hepatoprotective effect of Negro pepper was confirmed by histopathological and histochemical examinations of the liver tissue of control and treated animals. It could be concluded that the Infusion of X. aethiopica fruits possess nutritional and medicinal values. Aqueous extract of Xylopia aethiopica fruits rich in phenolics and volatile compounds, act as strong natural antioxidants. The aqueous extract protect against the toxic effect of panadol-induced hepatic and renal toxicity.

/pdf/xylopia-aethiopica-volatile-compounds-protect-against-49nd3z1whi.pdf

Xylopia aethiopica Volatile Compounds Protect Against Panadol-Induced Hepatic and Renal Toxicity in Male Rats

4 Abstract: The present study was designed to investigate the effect of the ozone treatment on the toxicity problems induced by contaminated feed with aflatoxin B (AFB ). The genetic and histopathological changes 11 in Japanese quail were studied. Sixty, three-week old male quail were randomly distributed into 6 experimental groups (10 birds per group). These birds were fed the following diets for three weeks; 1) basal diet (control); 2) basal diet treated with ozone for 5 minutes, short duration, (SD diet); 3) basal diet treated for 15 minutes, long duration, (LD diet); 4) basal diet contaminated with aflatoxin AFB 1mg/kg diet (AF diet); 5) AF diet treated for 1, a short duration with ozone (AFSD diet); 6) AF diet treated for a long duration with ozone (AFLD diet). The concentration of ozone in all treatments was 40 ppm for the short and long durations. The treated samples were analyzed for aflatoxin B by immune-affinity column (IAC) clean-up and evaluated by high liquid 1 chromatography (HPLC). Compared to the control group the results showed that quail fed the diet contaminated with aflatoxin (AF diet) had significantly higher DNA damage (micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes formation and DNA fragmentation) and significantly lower expression patterns of androgen gene (AN) and its receptor (ANR). Histopathological examination revealed severe lesions of liver and testis tissues as compared to the control group. Moreover, the reduction in expression of AN and ANR was accompanied by reduction in testes weight. Feeding the quail AFSD or AFLD diets resulted in a lower DNA damage and enhancement in the expression patterns of AN and ANR genes. Less prominent histopathological changes and remarkable amelioration in liver and testis tissues, compared to quail fed diet contaminated with aflatoxin alone were also observed. The enhancement in the expression levels of AN and ANR genes, due to ozone treatments, was accompanied by improvement in testes weight. The quail fed diets treated with ozone for five minutes showed significantly more genetic and histopathological improvement as well as testes weight as compared to quail fed contaminated diets treated with ozone for 15 minutes. Furthermore, the quail fed basal diets (without aflatoxin B contamination) treated for 5 minutes with ozone had more improvements in its genetic and histopathological 1 parameters as well as testes weights than the control group. It can be concluded that ozone treatment as an oxidizing agent for five minutes was a best duration for aflatoxin disinfection. It could be useful in food industry for the detoxification of toxic chemicals and destruction of dangerous micro-organisms.

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Effect of Ozone-Treated Aflatoxin Contaminated Diets on DNA Damage, Expression of Androgen and Androgen Receptor Genes and Histopathological Changes in Japanese Quail

H. Farrag

Papers

Physiological and histological impact of Azadirachta indica (neem) leaves extract in a rat model of cisplatin-induced hepato and nephrotoxicity

Comparative Histopathological and Histochemical Studies on IGR, Lufenuron and Profenofos Insecticide Albino Rats

Toxicological potential of thiamethoxam insecticide on albino rats and its residues in some organs

Xylopia aethiopica Volatile Compounds Protect Against Panadol-Induced Hepatic and Renal Toxicity in Male Rats

Effect of Ozone-Treated Aflatoxin Contaminated Diets on DNA Damage, Expression of Androgen and Androgen Receptor Genes and Histopathological Changes in Japanese Quail