http://www.enfermeraspabellonyesterilizacion.cl/eventos/glycemic-index.pdf

International table of glycemic index and glycemic load values: 2002

http://wealthandhealth.ltd.uk/over100/origins%20of%20western%20diet.pdf

Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century

Medical nutrition therapy (MNT) is important in preventing diabetes, managing existing diabetes, and preventing, or at least slowing, the rate of development of diabetes complications. It is, therefore, important at all levels of diabetes prevention. MNT is also an integral component of diabetes self-management education (or training). This position statement provides evidence-based recommendations and interventions for diabetes MNT. The previous position statement with accompanying technical review was published in 2002 and modified slightly in 2004. This statement updates previous position statements, focuses on key references published since the year 2000, and uses grading according to the level of evidence available...

Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association.

Objective. —To examine prospectively the relationship between glycemic diets, low fiber intake, and risk of non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Desing. —Cohort study. Setting. —In 1986, a total of 65173 US women 40 to 65 years of age and free from diagnosed cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes completed a detailed dietary questionnaire from which we calculated usual intake of total and specific sources of dietary fiber, dietary glycemic index, and glycemic load. Main Outcome Measure. —Non—insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Results. —During 6 years of follow-up, 915 incident cases of diabetes were documented. The dietary glycemic index was positively associated with risk of diabetes after adjustment for age, body mass index, smoking, physical activity, family history of diabetes, alcohol and cereal fiber intake, and total energy intake. Comparing the highest with the lowest quintile, the relative risk (RR) of diabetes was 1.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-1.71, P trend=.005). The glycemic load (an indicator of a global dietary insulin demand) was also positively associated with diabetes (RR=1.47; 95% CI, 1.16-1.86, P trend=.003). Cereal fiber intake was inversely associated with risk of diabetes when comparing the extreme quintiles (RR=0.72,95% CI, 0.58-0.90, P trend=.001). The combination of a high glycemic load and a low cereal fiber intake further increased the risk of diabetes (RR=2.50, 95% CI, 1.14-5.51) when compared with a low glycemic load and high cereal fiber intake. Conclusions. —Our results support the hypothesis that diets with a high glycemic load and a low cereal fiber content increase risk of diabetes in women. Further, they suggest that grains should be consumed in a minimally refined form to reduce the incidence of diabetes.

Dietary Fiber, Glycemic Load, and Risk of Non—insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus in Women

https://www.weizmann.ac.il/immunology/elinav/sites/immunology.elinav/files/personalized_nutrition_by_prediction_of_glycemic_responses_0.pdf

Personalized Nutrition by Prediction of Glycemic Responses

http://www.naturaleater.com/Science-articles/145-AJCN-1981-Glycemic-index-Jenkins.pdf

Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange.

The amount of carbohydrate released at 1 and 5 h by digestion in vitro of 2 g carbohydrate portions of 14 foods by human digestive juices was compared with the area under the 2-h blood glucose response curve when 50 g carbohydrate portions were fed to groups of five to ten healthy volunteers. A significant relationship was found between the amounts of sugars and oligosaccharides liberated at 1 and 5 h and the food blood glucose area expressed as a percentage of the blood glucose area for 50 g glucose (r=0.8627 and 0.8618, p<0.001). A significant relationship was also found between the glycaemic index and the food fibre content (p<0.02) and between the glycaemic index and the glucose trapping capacity of the foods (p<0.05). Legumes as a group liberated 56% less sugars and oligosaccharides (p<0.01) than the eight cereal foods over 5 h. It is suggested that such studies in vitro may help to identify food of use for diabetic patients, and at the same time throw further light on factors which affect post-prandial glycaemia.

/pdf/relationship-between-rate-of-digestion-of-foods-and-post-vwixh6amb3.pdf

H Fielden

Papers

Glycemic index of foods: a physiological basis for carbohydrate exchange.

Relationship between rate of digestion of foods and post-prandial glycaemia.

Bioavailability to man of carbohydrate in foods.