Special applications of real-time water level and current data and results of circulation models promise substantial benefits, including economic gains and safety of life, property, and the environment. Potential economic benefits for maritime commerce alone are estimated conservatively at about $35.4 million annually for 22 United States ports, after deducting system operating costs. corresponding benefits include reduced deadtime waiting to enter or leave port, more efficient use of lightering and of tugs used for docking and undocking, and full use of the ship channel depths.

H. Frey

Papers

Innovative Tools for Management: Real-Time Oceanographic Measurements and Circulation Modeling