Recently improved information on the stellar (n, γ) cross sections of neutron magic nuclei at N = 82, and in particular of 142Nd, turn out to represent a sensitive test for models of s-process nucleosynthesis. While these data were found to be incompatible with the classical approach based on an exponential distribution of neutron exposures, they provide significantly better agreement between the solar abundance distribution of s nuclei and the predictions of models for low-mass asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars. The origin of this phenomenon is identified as lying in the high neutron exposures at low neutron density obtained between thermal pulses when 13C burns radiatively in a narrow layer of a few 10-4 M☉. This effect is studied in some detail, and the influence of the currently available nuclear physics data is discussed with respect to specific further questions. In this context, particular attention is paid to a consistent description of s-process branchings in the region of the rare earth elements. It is shown that, in certain cases, the nuclear data are sufficiently accurate that the resulting abundance uncertainties can be completely attributed to stellar modeling. Thus, the s-process becomes important for testing the role of different stellar masses and metallicities as well as for constraining the assumptions used in describing the low neutron density provided by the 13C source.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/307938/pdf

Neutron Capture in Low Mass Asymptotic Giant Branch Stars: Cross Sections and Abundance Signatures

Among the various processes responsible for the formation of the heavy elements in stars, the slow neutron capture process (s-process) is distinguished by the fact that it involves mostly stable isotopes. Therefore, the relevant nuclear physics data can be determined by experiments. With this rather reliable data basis, s-process nucleosynthesis offers an important testground of models for the late stages of stellar evolution, which are supposed to be the s-process site. The empirical counterpart for such models is the so-called classical s-process, a purely phenomenological picture, that is successfully used to derive the resulting abundances as well as information on the physical conditions during the s-process. The status of this classical approach is reviewed with emphasis on the implications for various stellar models of the s-process and in the light of results obtained by stellar spectroscopy. A brief account of the potential s-process chronometers is also presented.

s-process nucleosynthesis-nuclear physics and the classical model

The detector system TAPS (Two-Three-Arm Photon Spectrometer) has been designed and installed to study high-energy photons as well as neutral mesons produced in relativistic heavy-ion reactions. The spectrometer will consist of up to 384 individual BaF/sub 2/ modules packed in arrays of 64 scintillators. Each spectrometer arm, which carries two detector blocks, can be moved around the target location independently. The design concept, the specifications of the individual scintillator, and results from test on subarrays performed with monochromatic photons and charged particles are presented. Initial experiments have been performed exploiting heavy-ion beams up to a projectile energy of 1 GeV/u. The commissioning of the apparatus and the first experiments have shown that the envisaged performance has been fully achieved. >

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The BaF/sub 2/ photon spectrometer TAPS

The quest for the origin of matter in the Universe had been the subject of philosophical and theological debates over the history of mankind, but quantitative answers could be found only by the scientific achievements of the last century. A first important step on this way was the development of spectral analysis by Kirchhoff and Bunsen in the middle of the 19th century, which provided first insight in the chemical composition of the sun and the stars. The energy source of the stars and the related processes of nucleosynthesis, however, could be revealed only with the discoveries of nuclear physics. A final break-through came eventually with the compilation of elemental and isotopic abundances in the solar system, which reflect the various nucleosynthetic processes in detail. This review focuses on the mass region above iron, where the formation of the elements is dominated by neutron capture, mainly in the slow (s) and rapid (r) processes. Following a brief historic account and a sketch of the relevant astrophysical models, emphasis is put on the nuclear physics input, where status and perspectives of experimental approaches are presented in some detail, complemented by the indispensable role of theory.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0954-3899/41/5/053101/pdf

Neutron Reactions in Astrophysics

The origin of the heavy elements: The s process

A new experimental approach has been implemented for accurate measurements of neutron capture cross sections in the energy range from 5 to 200 keV. The Karlsruhe 4π barium fluoride detector consists of 42 crystals shaped as hexagonal and pentagonal truncated pyramids forming a spherical shell with 10 cm inner radius and 15 cm thickness. All crystals are supplied with reflector and photomultiplier, thus representing independent gamma-ray detectors. The energy resolution of the 4π detector is 14% at 662 keV and 7% at 2.5 MeV gamma-ray energy, the overall time resolution is 500 ps and the peak efficiency 90% at 1 MeV. The detector allows to register capture cascades with 95% probability above a threshold energy of 2.5 MeV. Neutrons are produced via the 7Li(p, n)7Be reaction using the pulsed proton beam of a Van de Graaff accelerator. A collimated neutron beam is passing through the detector and hits the sample in the centre. The energy of captured neutrons is determined via time of flight, the primary flight path being 77 cm. The combination of short primary flight path, a 10 cm inner radius of the spherical BaF2 shell, and the low capture cross section of barium allows to discriminate background due to capture of sample-scattered neutrons in the scintillator by time of flight, leaving part of the neutron energy range completely undisturbed. This feature, together with the high efficiency and good energy resolution for capture gamma-rays, allows to separate the various background components reliably enough, that the capture cross section ratio of two isotopes can be determined with an accuracy of ≤ 1.0%. The detector will be used for nuclear astrophysics to investigate the origin of the heavy elements in the slow neutron capture process.

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The Karlsruhe 4π barium fluoride detector

The energy and time resolution of large BaF 2 crystals has been improved significantly by the use of a PTFE reflector and a modified voltage divider chain. We found that an energy resolution of 8.7% (662 keV) and a time resolution of 325 ps ( 60 Co, 300 keV threshold) can be obtained simultaneously from a cylindrical test crystal of 1 l volume. The corresponding results as obtained from prototype crystals for the Karlsruhe 4 π detector are only slightly worse (9.6% and 400 ps). These crystals are truncated hexagonal and pentagonal pyramids shaped from cylindrical single crystals of 14 cm diameter and 15 cm thickness.

H. Müller

Papers

The Karlsruhe 4π barium fluoride detector

Prototype crystals for the Karlsruhe 4π barium fluoride detector