Polycyclic Hydrocarbons Vol. 1. Pp. xxvi + 487. 126S. (With a chapter on carcinogenesis by Regina Schoental.) Vol. 2. Pp. lvii + 487. 140s. By E. Clar. (London and New York: Academic Press; Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1964.)

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

해외산업간호정보 - 미국 산업안전보건연구원(National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) 소개

Fungi are an understudied, biotechnologically valuable group of organisms. Due to 
the immense range of habitats that fungi inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other fungi, bacteria, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival mechanisms. The unique attributes of fungi thus herald great promise for their application in biotechnology and industry. Moreover, fungi can be grown with relative ease, making production at scale viable. The search for fungal biodiversity, and the construction of a living fungi collection, both have incredible economic potential in locating organisms with novel industrial uses that will lead to novel products. This manuscript reviews fifty ways in which fungi can potentially be utilized as biotechnology. We provide notes and examples for each potential exploitation and give examples from our own work and the work of other notable researchers. We also provide a flow chart that can be used to convince funding bodies of the importance of fungi for biotechnological research and as potential products. Fungi have provided the world with penicillin, lovastatin, and other globally significant medicines, and they remain an untapped resource with enormous industrial potential.

The amazing potential of fungi: 50 ways we can exploit fungi industrially

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread across the globe mainly due to long-term anthropogenic sources of pollution. The inherent properties of PAHs such as heterocyclic aromatic ring structures, hydrophobicity, and thermostability have made them recalcitrant and highly persistent in the environment. PAH pollutants have been determined to be highly toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, and immunotoxicogenic to various life forms. Therefore, this review discusses the primary sources of PAH emissions, exposure routes, and toxic effects on humans, in particular. This review briefly summarizes the physical and chemical PAH remediation approaches such as membrane filtration, soil washing, adsorption, electrokinetic, thermal, oxidation, and photocatalytic treatments. This review provides a detailed systematic compilation of the eco-friendly biological treatment solutions for remediation of PAHs such as microbial remediation approaches using bacteria, archaea, fungi, algae, and co-cultures. In situ and ex situ biological treatments such as land farming, biostimulation, bioaugmentation, phytoremediation, bioreactor, and vermiremediation approaches are discussed in detail, and a summary of the factors affecting and limiting PAH bioremediation is also discussed. An overview of emerging technologies employing multi-process combinatorial treatment approaches is given, and newer concepts on generation of value-added by-products during PAH remediation are highlighted in this review.

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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources, Toxicity, and Remediation Approaches.

Mannich bases in medicinal chemistry and drug design.

Hydrocarbon pollution is a perennial problem not only in India but throughout the globe. A plethora of microorganisms have been reported to be efficient degraders of these recalcitrant pollutants. One of the major concerns of environmental problem is the presence of hydrocarbons due to the various anthropogenic activities. PAHs are ubiquitous in nature i.e. present in soil, water and air. Presence of PAHs in environment creates problem as their presence have deleterious effect on human and animals. They also have the ability to cause the tumors in human and animals. Some of the microorganisms are capable of transforming and degrading these PAHs and remove them from the environment. The present review describes about the sources, structure, fate and toxicity of PAHs as well as different bioremediation techniques involved in the removing of contaminants from the environment which are efficient and cost-effective. The conventional approaches used for removal of PAH are not only environment friendly but also are able to reduce the risk to human and ecosystem.

https://openbiotechnologyjournal.com/VOLUME/10/PAGE/363/PDF/

Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs): A Perspective

In current times, enzyme-catalyzed reactions have gained importance for the development of new chemical processes. These require the production of large quantity of enzyme at low cost. Solid-state fermentation (SSF) is an efficient process because this bioprocess has a potential to convert agro-industrial residues into valuable compounds. Hence, the current study focuses on the optimization of process parameters for the higher production of laccase using a novel basidiomycete fungi Tricholoma giganteum AGHP under solid-state fermentation (SSF). Further, the purification of laccase using column chromatographic technique was performed. Various physico-chemical parameters were evaluated and maximum production obtained was 2.69 × 105 U/g using wheat straw as a dry substrate. Optimum pH was found to be 5.0 and the temperature of 30 °C with 0.3 mM copper as an inducer. The enzyme was purified from the initial protein preparation by two-step column chromatography. A yield of 10.49 % with 3.33-fold purification was obtained using Sephadex G-75 gel permeation chromatography. Further increase in purification (total) was found to be 10.80-fold with a yield of 8.50 % using DEAE Sephadex A-50 ion exchange column chromatography. The purified enzyme was identified as a monomeric protein with a molecular weight of 66 kDa by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). In view of the results obtained, we can conclude that the extracellular laccase production is governed by various cultural parameters such as pH, temperature, and the composition of culture medium. “One-factor-at-a-time” methodology was capable of establishing the optimum conditions that significantly increases the enzyme production several folds using lignocellulosic substrate. Therefore, laccase from T. giganteum AGHP has a potential in several industrial applications.

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Optimization of different culture conditions for enhanced laccase production and its purification from Tricholoma giganteum AGHP

Four series of N-Mannich bases of 3,4-dihydropyrimidinc-2(1H)-thiones 7a-g, 8a-g, 9a-g and 10a-g (DHPMs) have been prepared by Mannich rcaction with seven different heterocyclic secondary amino compounds 6a-g and formaldehyde 5. In this reaction, four different derivatives of 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1/I)-thiones 4a-d have been uscd as hydrogen active compound. These precursors have been derived by a Biginelli reaction of four aromatic aldehydes, namely, benzaldehyde 1a, salicylaldehyde 1b, anisaldehyde 1c and vanillin 1d, respectively with ethyl acetoacetate 2 and thiourea 3. All the four series of N-Mannich bases have been analyzed with a view to elucidate their chemical structure by elemental analysis and spectral studies (FTIR, 1 II and 13 C NMR). They are assayed for their in vitro antimicrobial activity against E. coli and B. subtilis bacterial species and A. nigen and C. albicans fungal microorganisms. N-Mannich bases derived from each of the four DHPMs with morpholine as a heterocyclic secondary amino component have shown promising antimicrobacterial activity against both bacterial and fungal microorganisms.

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Synthesis and in vitro study of biological activity of heterocyclic N-Mannich bases of 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-thiones

Three series of N-Mannich bases of 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-ones(DHPMs) 7a-g, 8a-g, and 9a-g have been prepared by Mannich reaction of DHPMs 4a-c with seven different heterocyclic secondary amino compounds 6a-g and formaldehyde 5. The precursors DHPMs 4a-c have been derived by a Biginelli reaction of three aromatic aldehydes 1a-c with ethylacetoacetate 2 and urea 3. The chemical structure of all the three series of N-Mannich bases have been elucidated by elemental analysis and spectral studies (IR, H and C NMR). They have been assayed in vitro for their biological activity against E. coli and B. subtilis bacterial species and A. niger and C. albicans fungal microorganisms.

Synthesis and in vitro Study of Biological Activity of Heterocyclic N‐Mannich Bases.

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H. Patel

Papers

Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs): A Perspective

Optimization of different culture conditions for enhanced laccase production and its purification from Tricholoma giganteum AGHP

Synthesis and in vitro study of biological activity of heterocyclic N-Mannich bases of 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1H)-thiones

Synthesis and in vitro Study of Biological Activity of Heterocyclic N‐Mannich Bases.

Synthesis and in vitro study of biological activity of heterocyclic N-Mannich bases