Metallic biomaterials are mainly used for replacing failed hard tissue. The main metallic biomaterials are stainless steels, Co-based alloys, and titanium and its alloys. Recently, titanium alloys are getting much attention for biomaterials. The various kinds of new high strength α+β and low-modulus β-type titanium alloys composed of nontoxic elements, such as Nb, Ta, Zr, etc., are developed for biomedical applications because of the toxicity of alloying elements and lack of mechanical biocompatibility of conventional titanium alloys, such as Ti-6Al-4V. Recent research and development in other metallic alloys, such as stainless steels and Co-based alloys, also will be discussed.

Recent metallic materials for biomedical applications

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Development of new metallic alloys for biomedical applications

Metallic biomaterials are used in medical devices in humans more than any other family of materials. The corrosion resistance of an implant material affects its functionality and durability and is a prime factor governing biocompatibility. The fundamental paradigm of metallic biomaterials, except biodegradable metals, has been “the more corrosion resistant, the more biocompatible.” The body environment is harsh and raises several challenges with respect to corrosion control. In this invited review paper, the body environment is analysed in detail and the possible effects of the corrosion of different biomaterials on biocompatibility are discussed. Then, the kinetics of corrosion, passivity, its breakdown and regeneration in vivo are conferred. Next, the mostly used metallic biomaterials and their corrosion performance are reviewed. These biomaterials include stainless steels, cobalt-chromium alloys, titanium and its alloys, Nitinol shape memory alloy, dental amalgams, gold, metallic glasses and biodegradable metals. Then, the principles of implant failure, retrieval and failure analysis are highlighted, followed by description of the most common corrosion processes in vivo. Finally, approaches to control the corrosion of metallic biomaterials are highlighted.

Corrosion of Metallic Biomaterials: A Review

Advances in metals and alloys for joint replacement

Corrosion fatigue of biomedical metallic alloys: Mechanisms and mitigation

The influence of the loading frequency on the high cycle fatigue properties of two b.c.c. metals, commercially pure (c.p.) niobium and c.p. tantalum in annealed and cold worked condition, and of two annealed h.c.p. titanium and of Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy were investigated. Endurance data in the regime of 105 to 2×108 cycles to failure obtained with rotating bending and ultrasonic fatigue testing equipment (loading frequencies 100 Hz and 20 kHz, respectively) coincide within the ranges of scatter for niobium and Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy. The mean endurance limits at 2×108 cycles of these metals are ≈60% of the respective yield stress of the as produced material. The high loading frequency leads to prolonged lifetimes and increased mean endurance limits for tantalum and (less pronounced) for titanium. Fatigue crack initiation in tantalum changes from a preferentially ductile and transgranular mode at 100 Hz to a more brittle, crystallographic and intergranular mode at 20 kHz. The mean endurance limit of tantalum is above the yield stress of the as produced material, and high initial rates of plastic deformation therefore result. Cold working of tantalum and niobium improves their static strength properties, but is of only minor importance for the high cycle fatigue behaviour.

Influence of loading frequency on high cycle fatigue properties of b.c.c. and h.c.p. metals

Effects of surface treatments on high cycle corrosion fatigue of metallic implant materials

Niobium and tantalum in the annealed and cold-worked condition have been cycled at ultrasonic frequency at 90% of the fatigue limit at 2 ×10 8 cycles. Tantalum showed first cyclic softening followed by cyclic hardening after 10 5 cycles. Niobium showed cyclic softening only. Cyclic stress–strain behaviour of cold worked and annealed material showed similar trends. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

H Plenk

Papers

Influence of loading frequency on high cycle fatigue properties of b.c.c. and h.c.p. metals

Effects of surface treatments on high cycle corrosion fatigue of metallic implant materials

Cyclic plastic deformation of tantalum and niobium at very high numbers of cycles