An expert system is developed to assist in the decision-making of the reactive power/voltage control problem. The knowledge required to perform the task is identified. To alleviate a voltage problem, empirical rules are used to generate appropriate control actions when slight voltage violations occur. Controls such as shunt capacitors, transformer tap changers and generator voltages are utilized. Theoretical justification of the empirical rules is presented. When it is judged that the voltage problem is so severe that empirical judgements may not be reliable, the developed expert system can help in formulating the problem so that an available application software package can be effectively utilized. In this paper, production rules are proposed to perform the above functions. Numerical examples are also presented.

An Expert System Assisting Decision-Making of Reactive Power/Voltage Control

This paper presents a dynamic load flow technique for power system simulators. The approach presented can be applied to a system when there is a net accelerating or decelerating power in the system. It possesses all the attractive features and basic structure of the normal fast decoupled method, and it does not depend on the selected reference bus. The modifications to the standard fast decoupled power flow algorithm are derived, and power system simulator implementation considerations are discussed. The algorithm has been tested on standard IEEE test cases and on a metropolitan utility 559 bus model. A numerical example of the above algorithm on the 559 test case is presented which demonstrates convergence characteristics and computation requirements of the proposed algorithm. These results are compared with those of normal fast decoupled load flow.

Dynamic Load Flow Technique for Power System Simulators

This paper presents a critical review of the research conducted for modeling and controlling supercritical power plants. Thermal power plants are classified according to the boiler pressure to supercritical and subcritical. The modeling concepts and control strategies of supercritical generation units are far more complex than those of subcritical. On the other hand, supercritical generation technologies are more efficient and much cleaner than subcritical generation units. From a deep technical analysis of the literature, there is no review that is dedicated to models-based control of supercritical power plants and most previous reviews are found to be too general to modeling-based control of fossil fuelled energy sources. This review reports the advancements on modeling and control of supercritical and ultra-supercritical plants as cleaner generation technologies. The various published achievements for modeling supercritical and ultra-supercritical units have been reviewed. The control strategies that fulfill the practical load demand requirements while keeping optimum efficiencies are also reviewed. Finally, expected future directions are reported as recommendations to overcome future challenges. The paper can be used as a brief educational directory to the postgraduate students or future researchers in the field.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/11/2935/pdf

Modeling and Control of Supercritical and Ultra-Supercritical Power Plants: A Review

This paper describes an expansion of the new power system measurement opportunities presented by the availability of time codes broadcast from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES). Earth receivers of the GOES time code can produce timing outputs having synchronization errors with respect to other earth receivers of only a few tens of microseconds. Since the GOES receiver/clocks can be located hundreds of miles apart, spanning long transmission corridors, voltage phase angle may be determined, as demonstrated by Institut de Recherche d'Hydro-Quebec.

High Rate Telemetry of System Voltage Phase Angle and Other Stability Related Quantities

This paper is one of a series prepared for use in Current Operating Problems (COP's) forums for the purpose of focusing the attention of industry on high priority problems faced by those who are involved in the actual operation of power systems. Five short note reports provide definition and discussion of problem areas of operator training. They are (1) evaluation of the training program, (2) limitations of dispatcher training simulators that are now in use, (3) problems of accurately modeling the dynamic response of the power system, (4) special needs of utilities with decentralized dispatching, and (5) new developments for next generation operator training simulators and the problems to be solved. These reports are intended to clarify the problems and concerns. The objective of the COPs forum is to communicate ideas, solicit discussion and stimulate others to devise responsive solutions to these problems. The Working Group on Operator Training (WG78-4) has identified specific problem areas in Power System Operator/Dispatcher Training. Key persons with experience in each of these problem areas have been identified and assigned the responsibility of preparing the five short note papers presented below.

Power System Operator Training Problems

An advanced Dispatcher Training Simulator (DTS) design which also facilitates software testing is described in this paper. In other EMS enviromnents, special software must be developed to support facility installation and new applications software testing. The DTS is designed such that no substantial changes are required in order for it to be used as a Software Testing Simulator (STS). The key to such a design is a flexible communication interface.

H. Ramchandani

Papers

A Dispatcher Training Simulator Design with Multi-Purpose Interfaces