For many years, the IAEA has published materials aimed at supporting the 
assessment of radiation impacts on human beings and the environment. Two 
major publications, Sediment Kd
s and Concentration Factors for Radionuclides in 
the Marine Environment (Technical Reports Series No. 247), published in 1985, 
and the Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide 
Transfer in Temperate Environments (Technical Reports Series No. 364), 
published in 1994, together provided a full set of available transfer parameter 
values for the marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments. For many years, 
these two publications have served as key references for radioecologists, 
modellers and authorities, providing data for use in environmental impact 
assessments.
Since the publication of these two collections of data, a number of 
publications on transfer parameter values have been produced and merit 
consideration. Therefore, in 2000 the IAEA initiated a revision of Technical 
Reports Series No. 247 which resulted in the publication, in 2004, of Sediment 
Distribution Coefficients and Concentration Factors for Biota in the Marine 
Environment (Technical Reports Series No. 422), covering newly obtained data 
as well as changes in the regulatory framework.
In 2003, within the framework of the Environmental Modelling for 
Radiation Safety (EMRAS) programme, the IAEA undertook a revision of 
Technical Reports Series No. 364. The current publication was prepared by the 
members of Working Group 1 of the EMRAS programme, chaired by P. Calmon 
(IRSN, France). This publication focuses on transfer parameter values; the 
models in which they are used generally are not described here. It is therefore 
supported by IAEA-TECDOC-1616, which accompanies this report and contains 
the full collection of the reviewed data and provides radioecological concepts and 
models facilitating the use of these values in specific situations. This publication 
is intended to supplement existing IAEA reports on environmental assessment 
methodologies.
The IAEA wishes to express its gratitude to all the experts who contributed 
to this report, and to the International Union of Radioecologists for its support.
The IAEA officer responsible for this publication was S. Fesenko of the 
Agency’s Laboratories (Seibersdorf and Headquarters).

Handbook of Parameter Values for the Prediction of Radionuclide Transfer in Terrestrial and Freshwater Environments

https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/preview/1018770/Cox_et_al_Ecomod_Simplification_Accepted.pdf

Towards the systematic simplification of mechanistic models

The transfer of radioactivity to the milk and meat of farm
animals is likely be a major exposure pathway of human
populations, following an environmental release of
radioactivity. The importance of source-dependent bioavailability
in determining absorption from the ruminant
gastrointestinal tract of the radiologically significant
radionuclides (radiocesium, radiostrontium, radioiodine,
and plutonium) is reviewed. The requirements for and
suitability of in vitro methods of determining bioavailability
for absorption of these radionuclides is also assessed.
Radiocesium absorption varies over a 50-fold range, depending
upon dietary source. Source-dependent bioavailability is
therefore an important factor in determining the radiocesium
contamination of ruminant-derived food products, and
reliable in vitro techniques have been developed to rapidly
determine its bioavailability. In contrast, under conditions
of adequate calcium intake, the absorption of radiostrontium
will not be greatly influenced by the dietary source. Results
of in vitro extractions of radiostrontium could be misleading,
as they indicate differences in bioavailability that are
not observed in the animal. Absorption of radioiodine is
complete and independent of source. There is currently a
lack of data on plutonium absorption in ruminants.
However, on the basis of the limited data available, in
vitro incubations provide a measure of the relative
bioavailabilities of plutonium from different sources. The
applicability of the techniques reviewed to the study of other
radionuclides and heavy metals is discussed.

The importance of source-dependent bioavailability in determining the transfer of ingested radionuclides to ruminant-derived food products.

Review of Russian language studies on radionuclide behaviour in agricultural animals: 3. Transfer to muscle.

https://usir.salford.ac.uk/34466/1/Beresford%20et%20al.%202015on-line%20Making%20the%20most%20JER.pdf

Making the most of what we have: application of extrapolation approaches in radioecological wildlife transfer models

The hypothesis is tested that there is a generic relationship between the calcium intake and the transfer of radiostrontium to milk which can be used for all dairy ruminants. In addition to the daily calcium intake, the relationship also requires values for the strontium to calcium observed ratio, which describes the discrimination in transfer of the two elements to milk (a value of 0.11 is used), and the calcium concentration in milk. The relationship had previously only been validated for dairy cattle as there were insufficient data for other ruminant species. Here, we present recently available data for dairy goats, and also a limited amount of data for sheep derived from the literature. From the comparison between these data and predicted values, we conclude that it is possible to derive a generic model of the transfer of radiostrontium to the milk of dairy ruminants.

Generic relationship between calcium intake and radiostrontium transfer to the milk of dairy ruminants.

Transfer coefficients (the equilibrium ratio be-tween radionuclide activity concentration in milk or meat and the daily intake of radionuclide) are widely used to predict the contamination of animal products following the release of radionuclides into the environment. For a transfer coefficient to be generally applicable, its value must be constant for a range of circumstances. However, this is not the case for radiostrontium, the behaviour of which is strongly influenced by that of the homeostatically controlled nutrient, calcium. In this study, a relationship is derived between radiostrontium transfer coefficients and dietary calcium intake which takes into account the observed ratio for strontium:calcium transfer to milk. This relationship is tested against a range of observed data collated from the literature (n = 30) and found to account for 93% of the variability in transfer coefficient values. Model calculations show that a reduction in F m of at least 40%–60% would be expected if dairy cattle, fed rations typical for well-managed herds, were supplemented with 100–200 g per day. Larger reductions would be predicted when dietary calcium intake is low.

H. S. Hansen

Papers

Generic relationship between calcium intake and radiostrontium transfer to the milk of dairy ruminants.

The use of dietary calcium intake of dairy ruminants to predict the transfer coefficient of radiostrontium to milk

A model of radiostrontium transfer in dairy goats based on calcium metabolism.