A comprehensive review of the sequential extraction schemes for metal fractionation in environmental samples (i.e., sediment, soil, sewage sludge, fly ash, etc.) is presented. The review contains more than 400 references and covers principally the literature published over the last decade. The use of each reagent involved in these schemes is looked at critically, and guidelines for their selectivity and extraction capacity are given. The operational character of these schemes is emphasised. Topics such as comparability between sequential extraction schemes of widespread use, harmonisation, acceleration, validation, etc. are addressed and future developments outlined.

Chemical sequential extraction for metal partitioning in environmental solid samples.

Characterization and remediation of soils contaminated with uranium.

Fertilizers, indispensable as they may seem, are nevertheless materials that also clearly cause serious environmental contamination notably in the agricultural soils. The dire necessity for increased food production has been more marked than ever before. Mineral fertilizers, which are indeed an important nutrient source used for enhanced food production, have unfortunately now become a 'necessary evil'. Excessive and continuous use of nitrogen and phosphorous fertilizers for decades have converted the agricultural soils into virtual chemical time bombs. Phosphate rocks by their very geological and mineralogical nature contain a host of environmentally hazardous chemical elements such as Cd, Pb, Hg, U Cr and As among others. The superphosphates are particularly abundant in these hazardous elements and they contaminate the agricultural soils through the use of fertilizer. The leachability and dispersion of some of these toxic elements are most pronounced in some types of soils such as andisols. After the discovery of the dreaded disease ' Itai-Itai ' cadmium has been listed as one of the most potentially dangerous elements found in phosphate fertilizers. Uranium, apart from its radiotoxicity, is chemotoxic and on account of these two properties, it is considered as a disease causing element. The geochemical pathways lead these toxic elements into food crops, soil, water, air and ultimately the human body tissues via the food chain. Several diseases are known to be caused by the excessive presence of the toxic elements and among them gastrointestinal, pulmonary and kidney ailments are most noteworthy.

https://jnsfsl.sljol.info/articles/10.4038/jnsfsr.v37i3.1219/galley/1117/download/

Phosphate mineral fertilizers, trace metals and human health

Enhanced phytoextraction of uranium and selected heavy metals by Indian mustard and ryegrass using biodegradable soil amendments.

Effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation on uranium and arsenic accumulation by Chinese brake fern (Pteris vittata L.) from a uranium mining-impacted soil.

Chelation and complexation of uranium (U) and soil acidification were evaluated as practical ways to solubilize, detoxify, and enhance U accumulation by plants. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) were selected as potential U accumulators for U phytoextraction in one U mine tailing soil (469 mg U kg -1 ) and nine acid and calcareous soils (pH 4.7 to 8.1) contaminated with different rates (100 to 600 mg U(VI)kg -1 ) of uranyl nitrate (UO 2 (NO 3 ) 2 .6H 2 O). To enhance U phytoextraction, organic chelates were added to soils alone or as complexed-U forms of CDTA, DTPA, EDTA, and HEDTA, and citric and oxalic acids at rates of 1 to 25 mmol kg -1 , to soils with 4-week old seedlings. Dry matter production, U concentration in shoots and roots, and soil pH were measured. Contaminated soils were also evaluated for U desorption and by fractionation. Uranium desorption was performed with 2 to 20 mmol kg -1 of citric acid, CDTA, DTPA, and HEDTA. Uranium fractions [(exchangeable, carbonate, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), organic, and residual)] were determined after 4 weeks of incubation. Plant dry matter production and U accumulation varied with soil contamination rate, chelate, organic acid form and rate, and soil type. The highest U concentration was in plants growing in calcareous soils and the lowest in clayey acid soils with high Fe and Mn oxides and organic matter content. Addition of citric and oxalic acids increased U accumulation and U translocation to the shoots significantly. Addition of 20 mmol of citric acid kg -1 to loamy acid soils reduced the soil pH to below 5.0 and increased U concentration in shoots to 1400 mg U kg -1 or by 150-fold, but addition of complexed-U forms had little effect on U translocation to shoots. Citric acid was the most effective chelate in desorption and plant accumulation of U. Uranium phytoacumulation was limited to acid soils with low adsorptive potential and to alkaline soils with carbonate minerals.

H. Shahandeh

Papers

Enhancement of uranium phytoaccumulation from contaminated soils