An electro-magnetic valve having a very fast response and a favorable temperature-gradient characteristic. The valve includes an iron core which carries a stationary magnetic winding within a valve housing, and a plunger coaxially oriented relative to the iron core and separated from the core by an air gap. The magnetic winding is made of a metal having a specific resistance greater than 20 milli-ohms per square millimeter of cross-sectional area per meter length at 20 degrees centigrade. The valve may also include a temperature compensating resistor connected in series with the magnetic winding. When used in an electronic fuel-injection system for an engine having an even number of cylinders, in which one of these valves is used for each cylinder, these valves can be electrically paired, with one valve of each pair connected in series with the other valve of that pair, and connected to a power source without requiring the use of a compensating resistor in series with the magnetic winding of each valve, due to the identical short response time of each valve.

Electro-magnetic valve

The present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a duplex stainless steel wire product starting from wire rod, the method comprising the following steps: roughening the wire rod surface; applying a carrier coating on the wire rod surface; peeling the wire rod using a shaving die comprising cemented carbide; roughening the wire rod surface; applying a carrier coating on the wire rod surface; and drawing to final wire dimension. In the peeling step, the shaving die used has a rake face land angle η which is 10–30°, a rake angle γ which is 10–25°, a clearance angle α which is 3–10°, a rake face land width w which is 0.1–0.5 mm, and an edge radius which is 0.02–0.08 mm. The duplex stainless steel wire product manufactured according to the method exhibits excellent fatigue resistance.

A method of manufacturing a stainless steel product

The present invention provides a tungsten-based duplex composite member, e.g., wire or rod, which combines the emissive, nonsag, or other desirable qualities of an inner tungsten-based core material with a different combination of properties, for example, resistance to attack, by the presence of a different tungsten-based material as an outer sheath or shell surrounding the core material. In one embodiment of the present invention, an electrode is formed from a duplex composite member, composed of a thoriated tungsten core (W-ThO 2 ) and a thin rhenium (Re) shell. Other embodiments of duplex composite members are provided by thoriated tungsten discharge electrodes in which it is desirable to have two different concentrations of thoria (ThO 2 ) in the element, a first concentration in the core of the duplex composite member and a second concentration in the shell or surface of the member.

Method of fabricating a composite lamp filament

Composite-coated flat-rolled sheet metal substrate subject to surface oxidation, after surface cleaning and oxidation removal is cathodically E-coated with minimal organic coating to stabilize such surface to prevent oxidation prior to application of protective organic coating finish to provide a total coating weight on each surface selected in the range of about 3 to about 20 mg/in2 of organic coating per surface. Such E-coat being applied to such substrate after removal of surface oxidation so as to enhance coating adhesion of end product protective organic coating. Lubricant for draw processing is embodied in the protective organic coating as a "blooming compound" or can be precoated after such organic coating to enable draw-processing of articles such as a unitary cup-shaped can body while maintaining desired full surface protective organic coating to meet requirements for such article.

Composite-coated flat-rolled sheet metal manufacture

A method for pretreating the surfaces of electroconductive materials such as metals which are to be electroplated in an aprotic oxygen- and water-free organoaluminum electrolytic media in which the last mechanical operation generating fresh and bright surfaces is performed under the exclusion of air, oxygen, and moisture using a protective gas or protective liquid and the part being treated maintained in such an environment until electroplated.

Method for pretreating surfaces of electrically conductive materials prior to electroplating

A CORE-FORMING WIRE, TO BE COVERED WITH METAL, IS CONTINUOUSLY DRAWN FIRST THROUGH A CIRCUMFERENTIAL MILLING DEVICE FOR SKIN REMOVAL AND THEN THROUGH AN AXIALLY OPERATING SHAVING AND PROTECTIVE DIE TO PROVIDE A VIRGIN SURFACE. FROM THE SHAVING DIE IT MOVES IN UNCONTAMINATED CONDITION INTO A BATH FOR APPLYING A METAL COVER OR SHEATH TO ITS SURFACE BY ELECTROPLATING, HOT-DIPPING, TINNING OR THE LIKE. THE CORE IS IN COVERED CONDITION AFTER LEAVING THE BATH AND AFTER SOLIDIFICATION OF THE SHEATHING MATERIAL IS PASSED THROUGH SUITABLE FINISHING MEANS. THE ELECTROPLATING, HOT-DIPPING OR TINNING OF CONTINUOUS LENGTHS OF CORE-FORMING METAL FOR FORMING A DIFFERENT METALLIC COATING OR SHEATH THEREON REQUIRES THAT THE CORE SURFACES BE VERY CLEAN. THIS IS PARTICULARLY TRUE IN THE CASE OF ALUMINUM WIRE REQUIRED TO BE ELECTROPLATED WITH COPPER, FOR ALUMINUM IS EXTREMELEY PRONE TO RAPID REOXIDATION IN AIR AFTER OXIDE REMOVAL. SUCH OXIDE ACTS AS A CONTAMINANT INTERFERING WITH APPLICATION OF A STAISFACTORY METAL COVERING. THUS THE INVENTION IS PARTICULARLY USEFUL FOR IMPROVEDLY ELECTROPLATING A COPPER SHEATH ON AN ALUMINUM CORE WIRE BUT IT IS ALSO USEFUL FOR OTHER COMBINATIONS OF CORE AND COVERING METALS EMPLOYING HOT-DIPPING, TINNING OR THE LIKE.

Metallic covering of continuous metallic core material

1,253,410. Turning; broaching. TEXAS INSTRUMENTS Inc. 6 Oct., 1969 [25 Oct., 1968], No. 48899/69. Headings B3L and B3T. [Also in Division C7] A wire of, e.g. Al is shaved prior to coating with metal (Divisions C6-C7) by drawing it through a rotary hollow miller having cutters 11, and then through a shaving die 15 having a hard bushing 23 of, e.g. silicon carbide.

Hagarman Paul Oliver

Papers

Metallic covering of continuous metallic core material

Apparatus and methods for coating an elongated metal body with metal