Book review: Applied cryptography: Protocols, algorithms, and source code in C

This chapter describes digital image compression techniques, and the JPEG image compression standard. Digital image compression techniques are based on algorithms such as the Wavelet transform, Fractal images, Vector Quantisation and Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT). The digital image compression technique developed by the Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) is mainly based on the quantisation of the DCT.

Digital Image Compression Techniques

The tremendously growing problem of phishing e-mail, also known as spam including spear phishing or spam borne malware, has demanded a need for reliable intelligent anti-spam e-mail filters. This survey paper describes a focused literature survey of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) methods for intelligent spam email detection, which we believe can help in developing appropriate countermeasures. In this paper, we considered 4 parts in the email's structure that can be used for intelligent analysis: (A) Headers Provide Routing Information, contain mail transfer agents (MTA) that provide information like email and IP address of each sender and recipient of where the email originated and what stopovers, and final destination. (B) The SMTP Envelope, containing mail exchangers' identification, originating source and destination domains\users. (C) First part of SMTP Data, containing information like from, to, date, subject - appearing in most email clients (D) Second part of SMTP Data, containing email body including text content, and attachment. Based on the number the relevance of an emerging intelligent method, papers representing each method were identified, read, and summarized. Insightful findings, challenges and research problems are disclosed in this paper. This comprehensive survey paves the way for future research endeavors addressing theoretical and empirical aspects related to intelligent spam email detection.

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A Comprehensive Survey for Intelligent Spam Email Detection

To realize the secure transmission of double images, this paper proposes a double image encryption algorithm based on convolutional neural network (CNN) and dynamic adaptive diffusion. This scheme is different from the existing double image encryption technology. According to the characteristics of digital image, we design a dual-channel (digital channel / optical channel) encryption method, which not only ensures the security of double image, but also improves the encryption efficiency and reduces the possibility of being attacked. First, a chaotic map is used to control the initial values of the 5D conservative chaotic system to enhance the security of the key. Secondary, in order to effectively resist known-plaintext attack and chosen-plaintext attack, we employ a chaotic sequence as convolution kernel of convolution neural network to generate plaintext related chaotic pointer to control the scrambling operation of two images. On this basis, a novel image fusion method is designed, which splits and fuses two images into two different parts according to the amount of information contained. In addition, a dual-channel image encryption scheme, optical encryption channel and digital encryption channel, is designed for the two parts after fusion. The former has better parallelism and higher encryption efficiency, while the latter has higher computational complexity and better encryption reliability. Especially in the digital encryption channel, a new dynamic adaptive diffusion method is designed, which is more flexible and secure than the existing encryption algorithm. Finally, numerical simulation and experimental analysis verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the scheme.

Double image encryption algorithm based on neural network and chaos

Modern multimedia communications technology requirements have raised security standards, which allows for enormous development in security standards. This article presents an innovative symmetric cryptosystem that depends on the hybrid chaotic Lorenz diffusion stage and DNA confusion stage. It involves two identical encryption and decryption algorithms, which simplifies the implementation of transmitting and receiving schemes of images securely as a bijective system. Both schemes utilize two distinctive non-consecutive chaotic diffusion stages and one DNA scrambling stage in between. The generation of the coded secret bit stream employs a hybrid chaotic system, which is employed to encrypt or decrypt the transmitted image and is utilized in the diffusion process to dissipate the redundancy in the original transmitted image statistics. The transmitted image is divided into eight scrambled matrices according to the position of the pixel in every splitting matrix. Each binary matrix is converted using a different conversion rule in the Watson–Crick rules. The DNA confusion stage is applied to increase the complexity of the correlation between the transmitted image and the utilized key. These stages allow the proposed image encryption scheme to be more robust against chosen/known plaintext attacks, differential attacks, cipher image attacks, and information entropy. The system was revealed to be more sensitive against minimal change in the generated secret key. The analysis proves that the system has superior statistical properties, bulkier key space, better plain text sensitivity, and improved key sensitivity compared with former schemes.

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A Bijective Image Encryption System Based on Hybrid Chaotic Map Diffusion and DNA Confusion

Applying security to the transmitted image is very important issues, because the transmission channel is open and can be compromised by attackers. To secure this channel from the eavesdropping attack, man in the middle attack, and so on. A new hybrid encryption image mechanism that utilize triangular scrambling, DNA encoding and chaotic map is implemented. The scheme takes a master key with a length of 320 bit, and produces a group of sub-keys with two length (32 and 128 bit) to encrypt the blocks of images, then a new triangular scrambling method is used to increase the security of the image. Many experiments are implemented using several different images. The analysis results for these experiments show that the security obtained on by using the proposed method is very suitable for securing the transmitted images. The current work has been compared with other works and the result of comparison shows that the current work is very strong against attacks.

Color image encryption using chaotic maps, triangular scrambling, with DNA sequences

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are used in many applications to gather sensitive information which is then forwarded to an analysis center. Resource limitations have to be taken into account when designing a WSN infrastructure. Authentication in WSNs is critical, as they are often deployed unattended in hostile environments and must transmit information over unsecured mediums. However, the cost of performing cryptographic operations is an extremely limiting factor because sensor devices and related equipment are constrained by storage and computational ability. Hash functions are the most widespread among all Authentication primitives, and are currently used in multiple cryptographic schemes and in security protocols. This paper presents a new Secure Hash Algorithm called (2AMD-160) which uses a famous structure of hash algorithm given by the MIT Laboratory for Computer Science and RSA Data Security, Inc. To demonstrate the effectiveness of 2AMD-160 in terms of security and execution time, we compare our approach with two methods namely, MD5 and SHA1 hash function algorithms. Simulation results demonstrate that the execution time and the security achieved by the proposed method are more effective than the MD5 and SHA1.

Secure and time efficient hash-based message authentication algorithm for wireless sensor networks

Email security becomes a sensitive case to study in the field of information security. From the most important security issues of network is how to secure Email from the threats that can be exposed of the security of massages by attackers. In addition, what are the techniques that can be using to secure the Email? Different solutions and several standards levels have been fashioned according to the last security requirements that enhance the Email security. Some of the current enhancements concentrate on keeping the exchange of data through Email in an integral and confident way. While the others concentrate on authenticating the sender and confirm that, client will not repudiate from his message. This paper will explain Email works and discuss different threats in Email Communication and several Email security solutions. This paper introduces several models and techniques utilized to fix and enhance the safety of Email systems.

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A Survey of Email Service; Attacks, Security Methods and Protocols

One form of data is digital images, because of their widespread of frequent exchange over the internet it is necessary to preserve the security and privacy of the images transmitted.There are many image encryption techniques that have different security levels and there are many standards and protocols fortesting the quality of encryption security. The cipher images can be evaluated using various quality measuring criteria, these measures quantify certain features of the image. If there are many methods that can be applied to secure images; the question is what is the most powerful scheme that can be use damong these methods? This research try to answer this question by taking three different encryption methods (rivest cipher 5 (RC5), chaotic and permutation) and measure their quality using the peek signal to noise ratio (PSNR),correlation, entropy, number of pixels changes rate (NPCR) and unified average changing intensity (UACI), the results of these criteria were input to a fuzzy logic system that was used to find the best one among them.

The quality of image encryption techniques by reasoned logic

Blockchain is a decentralized database that stores a growing chain of blocks formed and secured by the consensus of a network node. Blockchain technology is a solution to applications and smart programs so that no third party (peer-to-peer network) is required to store and verify transactions in a safe and reliable manner, such as cryptocurrencies, smart contracts, health care, and the Internet of things (IoT). However, this technology suffers from some limitations, such as network latency and slow transaction validation. In this paper, the proposed method is implemented and discussed by improving the topology of the peer-to-peer blockchain structure to a decentralized topology (structured topology in clusters). This aims to speed up transactions broadcasting time, as well as to reduce the enormous time for nodes consensus mechanism to validate transactions through the intra- and inter-cluster parallel mining in the Proof of Work (PoW) mechanism. The test results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method in reducing the consensus time, as well as improve the scalability of the network.

Haider M. Al-Mashhadi

Papers

Color image encryption using chaotic maps, triangular scrambling, with DNA sequences

Secure and time efficient hash-based message authentication algorithm for wireless sensor networks

A Survey of Email Service; Attacks, Security Methods and Protocols

The quality of image encryption techniques by reasoned logic

Improving Blockchain Consensus Mechanism via Network Clusters