This paper reviews the major progress on development of the science and prediction of heavy rainfall over China since the beginning of the reform and opening-up of new China (roughly between 1980 and 2019). The progress of research on the physical mechanisms of heavy rainfall over China is summarized from three perspectives: 1) the relevant synoptic weather systems, 2) heavy rainfall in major sub-regions of China, and 3) heavy rainfall induced by typhoons. The development and application of forecasting techniques for heavy rainfall are summarized in terms of numerical weather prediction techniques and objective forecasting methods. Greatly aided by the rapid progress in meteorological observing technology and substantial improvement in electronic computing, studies of heavy rainfall in China have advanced to investigating the evolution of heavy-rain-producing storms and observational analysis of the cloud microphysical features. A deeper and more systematic understanding of the synoptic systems of importance to the production of heavy rainfall has also been developed. Operational forecast of heavy rainfall in China has changed from subjective weather event forecasts to a combination of both subjective and objective quantitative precipitation forecasts, and is now advancing toward probabilistic quantitative precipitation forecasts with the provision of forecast uncertainty information.

Science and Prediction of Heavy Rainfall over China: Research Progress since the Reform and Opening-Up of New China

The pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China during 3–8 June 2008 is simulated using a two-dimensional cloud-resolving model. The model is integrated with imposed zonally uniform vertical velocity, zonal wind, horizontal temperature and vapour advection from National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP)/Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) data. The effects of vertical wind shear and cloud radiative processes on the response of rainfall to largescale forcing are analysed through the comparison of two sensitivity experiments with the control experiment. One sensitivity experiment excludes the large-scale vertical wind shear and the other excludes the cloud radiative effects. During the decay phase of convection, the increase in model domain-mean surface rain-rate resulting from the exclusion of vertical wind shear is associated with the slowdown in the decrease of perturbation kinetic energy due to the exclusion of barotropic conversion from mean kinetic energy to perturbation kinetic energy. The increase in domain-mean rain-rate from the exclusion of cloud radiative effects is related to the enhancement of condensation and associated latent heat as a result of strengthened radiative cooling. The increase in the domain-mean surface rain-rate is mainly associated with the increase of convective rainfall, which is in turn related to the local atmospheric change from moistening to drying. During the onset and mature phases of convection, the domain-mean surface rain-rates are generally insensitive to vertical wind shear and cloud radiative effects whereas convective and stratiform rain-rates are sensitive to vertical wind shear and cloud radiative effects. The decrease in convective rain-rate and the increase in stratiform rain-rate are primarilyassociated with the enhanced transport of hydrometeor concentration from convective regions to raining stratiform regions. Copyright c � 2011 Royal

/pdf/effects-of-vertical-wind-shear-and-cloud-radiative-processes-4iuqnssrjt.pdf

Effects of vertical wind shear and cloud radiative processes on responses of rainfall to the large‐scale forcing during pre‐summer heavy rainfall over southern China

Long-term in situ measurements of the cloud-precipitation microphysical properties over East Asia

[1] The cloud, water, and heat budgets lay down a foundation for studying relations between precipitation, clouds, and environmental water vapor and thermal conditions. The water vapor constrained precipitation equation is derived by combining cloud budget with water vapor budget, whereas the thermally constrained precipitation equation is derived by combining cloud budget with heat budget. The precipitation equations are applied to analyze the diurnal variations of tropical oceanic rainfall using the 21 day two-dimensional cloud-resolving model simulation during Tropical Ocean–Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment and two additional sensitivity experiments. One sensitivity experiment excludes the diurnal variation of large-scale forcing, and the other experiment excludes the diurnal variation of solar zenith angle. The analysis shows that the diurnal variations of water vapor convergence and heat divergence associated with diurnally varying imposed large-scale upward motions play a primary role in the development of rainfall peaks in both afternoon and nighttime, whereas the diurnal variation of radiation is secondary in the formation of nocturnal rainfall peak. The diurnal variation of radiation associated with diurnally varying solar zenith angle determines the diurnal variations of tropical oceanic rainfall when the diurnal variation of large-scale circulation is absent. The diurnal variations of rainfall can be concisely described by simplified diurnally perturbed surface rainfall equations.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/2009JD012452

Precipitation equations and their applications to the analysis of diurnal variation of tropical oceanic rainfall

Microphysical and radiative effects of ice clouds on responses of rainfall to the large-scale forcing during pre-summer heavy rainfall over southern China

Haiguang Zhou

Papers

Torrential rainfall processes associated with a landfall of severe tropical storm Bilis (2006): a two-dimensional cloud-resolving modeling study.