https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(07)60315-8.pdf

Evolution of China's response to HIV/AIDS

'Face' and the embodiment of stigma in China: the cases of schizophrenia and AIDS.

Our experiences of dying have been shaped by ancient ideas about death and social responsibility at the end of life. From Stone Age ideas about dying as otherworld journey to the contemporary Cosmopolitan Age of dying in nursing homes, Allan Kellehear takes the reader on a 2 million year journey of discovery that covers the major challenges we will all eventually face: anticipating, preparing, taming and timing for our eventual deaths. This book, first published in 2007, is a major review of the human and clinical sciences literature about human dying conduct. The historical approach of this book places our recent images of cancer dying and medical care in broader historical, epidemiological and global context. Professor Kellehear argues that we are witnessing a rise in shameful forms of dying. It is not cancer, heart disease or medical science that presents modern dying conduct with its greatest moral tests, but rather poverty, ageing and social exclusion.

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A Social History of Dying

1. Self-limiting organizations and co-dependent state-society relations: environmental, HIV/AIDS, and gay and lesbian NGOs in China 2. Political opportunities, by accident and design 3. Central policies, local priorities: regional variation of the political opportunity structure 4. Proximate solutions to insoluble problems: adaption to the political opportunity structure 5. More money, more problems: struggling with economic opportunities 6. Forever the twain shall meet: economic and political opportunities converge 7. Strong individual relationships, weak institutional ties: the double-edged pursuit of personal opportunities 8. Social organizations and the future of Chinese civil society.

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Social Organizations and the Authoritarian State in China

In 2000 the first national probability survey of adult sexual behavior in China was completed. We use these data to address three questions. First has there been a revolution in sexual behavior in China? We examine eight trends covering two markers of change: a) the onset of sexual behavior (puberty masturbation age at first sex and marriage premarital sex) and b) commodification of sex (use of pornographic materials and commercial sex) and concurrent sex. We present a historical overview of previous studies and analyze findings from the national survey. Second is China unique in these transformations? We seek to situate findings pointing to a sexual revolution in China within a regional and global context considering whether China is different or follows patterns similar to those in other parts of the world. Third what are the implications of these findings for Chinas risk of a generalized HIV epidemic? As suggestive of possible future disease patterns we examine results from urine samples for the sexually transmitted infection chlamydia trachomatis - a potential co-factor of HIV. Although sexual behavior retains some distinctly Chinese characteristics our survey data demonstrate that a sexual revolution is occurring in China reflected by the fact that the sexual behavior of the countrys post open-door generation differs markedly from that of earlier generations. (excerpt)

Sexual Behavior in China: Trends and Comparisons

This article reviews the epidemic of HIV infection and AIDS, the Chinese national policy development in response to the epidemic, and disparities between policies and the need for AIDS prevention in China. The HIV epidemic in China has gone through three phases, and it is now at the rapid expansion phase. Since 1988, HIV/AIDS has been addressed from a legal perspective, but in the early stages laws and regulations actually hindered HIV control efforts. Since 1995 efforts have been made to improve policy decisions. Two major strategic plans were issued in 1998 and 2001, with increased government funding for implementation. Although the challenges facing HIV/AIDs control in China are many, the Chinese government is making a stronger commitment for implementing effective AIDS control measures in the country.

Haixia Cui

Papers

The HIV/AIDS epidemic in China: history, current strategies and future challenges.