Ecological changes in the phenology and distribution of plants and animals are occurring in all well-studied marine, freshwater, and terrestrial groups These observed changes are heavily biased in the directions predicted from global warming and have been linked to local or regional climate change through correlations between climate and biological variation, field and laboratory experiments, and physiological research Range-restricted species, particularly polar and mountaintop species, show severe range contractions and have been the first groups in which entire species have gone extinct due to recent climate change Tropical coral reefs and amphibians have been most negatively affected Predator-prey and plant-insect interactions have been disrupted when interacting species have responded differently to warming Evolutionary adaptations to warmer conditions have occurred in the interiors of species’ ranges, and resource use and dispersal have evolved rapidly at expanding range margins Observed genetic shifts modulate local effects of climate change, but there is little evidence that they will mitigate negative effects at the species level

https://www.fws.gov/southwest/es/documents/R2ES/LitCited/LPC_2012/Parmesan_2006.pdf

Ecological and Evolutionary Responses to Recent Climate Change

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an independent organization devoted to the development of standards.

American Society for Testing and Materials

Radiocarbon (14C) ages cannot provide absolutely dated chronologies for archaeological or paleoenvironmental studies directly but must be converted to calendar age equivalents using a calibration curve compensating for fluctuations in atmospheric 14C concentration. Although calibration curves are constructed from independently dated archives, they invariably require revision as new data become available and our understanding of the Earth system improves. In this volume the international 14C calibration curves for both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as well as for the ocean surface layer, have been updated to include a wealth of new data and extended to 55,000 cal BP. Based on tree rings, IntCal20 now extends as a fully atmospheric record to ca. 13,900 cal BP. For the older part of the timescale, IntCal20 comprises statistically integrated evidence from floating tree-ring chronologies, lacustrine and marine sediments, speleothems, and corals. We utilized improved evaluation of the timescales and location variable 14C offsets from the atmosphere (reservoir age, dead carbon fraction) for each dataset. New statistical methods have refined the structure of the calibration curves while maintaining a robust treatment of uncertainties in the 14C ages, the calendar ages and other corrections. The inclusion of modeled marine reservoir ages derived from a three-dimensional ocean circulation model has allowed us to apply more appropriate reservoir corrections to the marine 14C data rather than the previous use of constant regional offsets from the atmosphere. Here we provide an overview of the new and revised datasets and the associated methods used for the construction of the IntCal20 curve and explore potential regional offsets for tree-ring data. We discuss the main differences with respect to the previous calibration curve, IntCal13, and some of the implications for archaeology and geosciences ranging from the recent past to the time of the extinction of the Neanderthals.

https://dspace.stir.ac.uk/bitstream/1893/30981/1/intcal20_northern_hemisphere_radiocarbon_age_calibration_curve_055_cal_kbp.pdf

The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0-55 cal kBP)

he prospect that increases inatmospheric concentrationsof greenhouse gases willhave measurable effects on theearth’s climate over the next fewdecades has attracted a vastresearch effort. Climatologistshave faced two main challenges.The first has been to distinguishthe signal of human-induced cli-mate change from the noise ofinterannual and decadal naturalvariability. The second has been topredict probable climate scenariosfor the future. Climate monitoringover the past century and long-term reconstructions of climateover the past millennium indicatethat the earth is indeed warmingup (Fig. 1)

http://uni-landau.de/umwelt/study/content/files/archiv/h.schulz/ws09/biodiversitaet_und_naturschutz/hughes 2000.pdf

Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already

Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to have significant impacts on the world's climate on a timescale of decades to centuries. Evidence from long-term monitoring studies is now accumulating and suggests that the climate of the past few decades is anomalous compared with past climate variation, and that recent climatic and atmospheric trends are already affecting species physiology, distribution and phenology.

Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?

Aged but withstanding: Maintenance of growth rates in old pines is not related to enhanced water-use efficiency

Glaciological and geomorphological studies of Scharffenbergbotnen

https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/pubs/jrnl/2007/nrs_2007_balouet_001.pdf

EMERGING FORENSIC TECHNIQUES SERIES A pplied Dendroecology and Environmental Forensics. Characterizing and Age Dating Environmental Releases: Fundamentals and Case Studies

Yvonne Fors, Hakan Grudd, Anders Rindby and Lennart Bornmalm tell us about “X-ray fluorescence for cultural heritage: scanning biochemical fingerprints in archaeological shipwrecks”. Two outstanding examples of the preservation of wood are the warships Vasa, in Stockholm and the Mary Rose in Portsmouth and this article looks at the role XRF has played in the preservation of the wood of both ships.

Håkan Grudd

Papers

Aged but withstanding: Maintenance of growth rates in old pines is not related to enhanced water-use efficiency

Glaciological and geomorphological studies of Scharffenbergbotnen

EMERGING FORENSIC TECHNIQUES SERIES A pplied Dendroecology and Environmental Forensics. Characterizing and Age Dating Environmental Releases: Fundamentals and Case Studies

X-ray fluorescence for cultural heritage: scanning biochemical fingerprints in archaeological shipwrecks.

Blue Intensity in Pinus sylvestris: application, validation and climatic sensitivity of a new palaeoclimate proxy for tree ring research