To date, many important threads of information privacy research have developed, but these threads have not been woven together into a cohesive fabric. This paper provides an interdisciplinary review of privacy-related research in order to enable a more cohesive treatment. With a sample of 320 privacy articles and 128 books and book sections, we classify previous literature in two ways: (1) using an ethics-based nomenclature of normative, purely descriptive, and empirically descriptive, and (2) based on their level of analysis: individual, group, organizational, and societal.

Based upon our analyses via these two classification approaches, we identify three major areas in which previous research contributions reside: the conceptualization of information privacy, the relationship between information privacy and other constructs, and the contextual nature of these relationships.

As we consider these major areas, we draw three overarching conclusions. First, there are many theoretical developments in the body of normative and purely descriptive studies that have not been addressed in empirical research on privacy. Rigorous studies that either trace processes associated with, or test implied assertions from, these value-laden arguments could add great value. Second, some of the levels of analysis have received less attention in certain contexts than have others in the research to date. Future empirical studies-both positivist and interpretive--could profitably be targeted to these under-researched levels of analysis. Third, positivist empirical studies will add the greatest value if they focus on antecedents to privacy concerns and on actual outcomes. In that light, we recommend that researchers be alert to an overarching macro model that we term APCO (Antecedents → Privacy Concerns → Outcomes).

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Information privacy research: an interdisciplinary review

A fundamental problem in text data mining is to extract meaningful structure from document streams that arrive continuously over time. E-mail and news articles are two natural examples of such streams, each characterized by topics that appear, grow in intensity for a period of time, and then fade away. The published literature in a particular research field can be seen to exhibit similar phenomena over a much longer time scale. Underlying much of the text mining work in this area is the following intuitive premise—that the appearance of a topic in a document stream is signaled by a “burst of activity,” with certain features rising sharply in frequency as the topic emerges.

The goal of the present work is to develop a formal approach for modeling such “bursts,” in such a way that they can be robustly and efficiently identified, and can provide an organizational framework for analyzing the underlying content. The approach is based on modeling the stream using an infinite-state automaton, in which bursts appear naturally as state transitionss it can be viewed as drawing an analogy with models from queueing theory for bursty network traffic. The resulting algorithms are highly efficient, and yield a nested representation of the set of bursts that imposes a hierarchical structure on the overall stream. Experiments with e-mail and research paper archives suggest that the resulting structures have a natural meaning in terms of the content that gave rise to them.

Bursty and Hierarchical Structure in Streams

A fundamental problem in text data mining is to extract meaningful structure from document streams that arrive continuously over time. E-mail and news articles are two natural examples of such streams, each characterized by topics that appear, grow in intensity for a period of time, and then fade away. The published literature in a particular research field can be seen to exhibit similar phenomena over a much longer time scale. Underlying much of the text mining work in this area is the following intuitive premise --- that the appearance of a topic in a document stream is signaled by a "burst of activity," with certain features rising sharply in frequency as the topic emerges.The goal of the present work is to develop a formal approach for modeling such "bursts," in such a way that they can be robustly and efficiently identified, and can provide an organizational framework for analyzing the underlying content. The approach is based on modeling the stream using an infinite-state automaton, in which bursts appear naturally as state transitions; in some ways, it can be viewed as drawing an analogy with models from queueing theory for bursty network traffic. The resulting algorithms are highly efficient, and yield a nested representation of the set of bursts that imposes a hierarchical structure on the overall stream. Experiments with e-mail and research paper archives suggest that the resulting structures have a natural meaning in terms of the content that gave rise to them.

Bursty and hierarchical structure in streams

The Code Red worm incident of July 2001 has stimulated activities to model and analyze Internet worm propagation. In this paper we provide a careful analysis of Code Red propagation by accounting for two factors: one is the dynamic countermeasures taken by ISPs and users; the other is the slowed down worm infection rate because Code Red rampant propagation caused congestion and troubles to some routers. Based on the classical epidemic Kermack-Mckendrick model, we derive a general Internet worm model called the two-factor worm model. Simulations and numerical solutions of the two-factor worm model match the observed data of Code Red worm better than previous models do. This model leads to a better understanding and prediction of the scale and speed of Internet worm spreading.

Code red worm propagation modeling and analysis

lies my teacher told me everything your american history lies my teacher told me everything your american history textbook got wrong james w loewen on amazon com free shipping on qualifying offers every teacher every student of history every citizen should read this book it is both a refreshing antidote to what has passed for history in our educational system and a one volume education in itself howard zinn a new edition of the, lies across america what our historic sites get wrong lies across america what our historic sites get wrong james w loewen on amazon com free shipping on qualifying offers examines more than one hundred sites that promote incorrect interpretations of american history and raises questions about what americans choose to commemorate reprint 75, freedom movement bibliography naacp freedom movement bibliography see also books written by freedom movement veterans book titles grouped by subject film videos audio movement related web links, nadir of american race relations wikipedia according to historian rayford logan the nadir of american race relations was the period in the history of the southern united states from the end of reconstruction in 1877 through the early 20th century when racism in the country was worse than in any other period after the american civil war during this period african americans lost many civil rights gains made during reconstruction, how we know indians of the midwest alan trachtenberg explores the role of the song of hiawatha in american life the poem was written by henry wadsworth longfellow whose chief source was the work of henry rowe schoolcraft who published ojibwa stories about a supernatural being who both helped and harmed humans

Lies My Teacher Told Me: Everything Your American History Textbook Got Wrong

For Immediate Release: 3:00 PM (EDT) July 29, 2001 “A very real and present threat to the Internet: July 31 deadline for action. “Summary: The Code Red worm and mutations of the worm pose a continued and serious threat to Internet users. Immediate action is required to combat this threat. Users who have deployed software that is vulnerable to the worm (Microsoft IIS Versions 4.0 and 5.0) must install ... a vital security patch. “How big is the problem? On July 19, the Code Red worm infected more than 250,000 systems in just nine hours. The worm scans the Internet, identifies vulnerable systems, and infects these systems by installing itself. Each newly installed worm joins all the others causing the rate of scanning to grow rapidly. This uncontrolled growth in scanning directly decreases the speed of the Internet

The Code Red Worm

The Oxford Dictionaries selected "post-truth" as the 2016 international word of the year. This is such a preposterous recognition from a heretofore august publication that I just can't allow it to pass in silence.

Lies, Damn Lies, and Fake News

Electronic mail has become the unexciting and mundane electronic communication medium we love to hate. It wasn’t always that way. Hate is a fairly recent emotion. Email has been with us in one form or another since the earliest days of computer networks and bulletin board services. From inauspicious beginnings, it became one of the three “killer apps,” along with Telnet and FTP, that gave the Internet its momentum. Since the early 1980s, the popularity of the Internet and email have surged together. Since the 1970s, email has evolved into the communication tool of choice for information technology academics and professionals. By the 1990s, the popularity and ubiquity of email throughout the rest of academia and high-tech industry, established it as a communications standard within those areas as well. It appears likely that the current wave of online service providers will soon extend this standard to the rest of the network-connected world. As email has evolved, we have come to surprisingly limited consensus regarding the best and worst uses of the technology, and whether it can ever overcome its weaknesses. In this column, I try to summarize what seems to me to be some interesting aspects of email, particularly as it relates to the phenomenon of information overload and some thorny privacy issues.

Email—the good, the bad, and the ugly

M A R TI N M A YO When one changes employers, as I have recently, the different institutional and cultural attitudes become obvious. For example, consider salary-benefit packages. From my perspective, as an academic for the past 20plus years, employers seem to consistently bear about the same institutional cost for benefits— about 25% to 30% of one’s salary. This is not to say that everything is equal; different employers emphasize different benefits options—a great group health plan may come at the expense of greater pension contributions, and so forth. But in my world, employer commitment to employee benefits appears to be a constant. What does this have to do with identity theft, social security numbers, and the Web? Well, one of the institutional differences I noticed with my current move was the widespread use of SSNs as primary keys within university administration, municipal and state government, and a good percentage of utility and communication companies. In my effort to explain to sundry administrative folks just how dangerous the practice of using SSNs as primary keys and authenticators in their databases is, how it exposes the employees and citizens to unnecessary risk. I composed what became the first draft of this column. The use of SSNs for purposes other than that for which it was intended is an exceedingly bad idea. This point has been made many times. Add the Web, and we have the makings of a disaster that makes the recent Y2K computer problem pale in comparison.

Identity theft, social security numbers, and the Web

Partisan consultancies like Cambridge Analytica that use data analytics to sway the electorate rely on social network users’ participation in their own psychological manipulation.

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Hal Berghel

Papers

The Code Red Worm

Lies, Damn Lies, and Fake News

Email—the good, the bad, and the ugly

Identity theft, social security numbers, and the Web

Malice Domestic: The Cambridge Analytica Dystopia