자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

Lincoln, Yvonna, and Egon Guba, "Postpositivism and the Naturalist Paradigm," pp. 14-46 in Yvonna Lincoln and Egon Guba, Naturalistic Inquiry . Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1985.*

Statistical Methods for Health Care Research

In his Preface the author' says that he started out to review all the more important theories upon the topics ordinarily discussed under human motivation but soon found himself more and more limited to the presentation of his own point of view. This very well characterizes the book. It is a very personal product. It is an outline with some defense of the author's own thinking about instincts and appetites and sentiments and how they function in human behavior. And as the author draws so heavily upon James and McDougall, especially the latter, the book may well be looked upon as a sort of sequel to their efforts. There is a thought-provoking distinction presented between instinct and appetite. An instinct is said to be aroused always by something in the external situation; and, correspondingly, an appetite is said to be aroused by sensations from within the body itself. This places, of course, a heavy emphasis upon the cognitive factor in all instinctive behaviors; and the author prefers to use the cognitive factor, especially the knowledge of that end-experience which will satisfy, as a means of differentiating one instinct from another. In this there is a recognized difference from McDougall who placed more emphasis for differentiation upon the emotional accompaniment. The list of instincts arrived at by this procedure is much like that of McDougall, although the author is forced by his criteria to present the possibility of food-seeking and sex and sleep operating both in the manner of an appetite and also as an instinct. The Shand-McDougall concept of sentiment is taken over and used in the explanation of moral motivation. There is the development within each personality of a sentiment for some moral principle. But this sentiment is not a very powerful motivating factor. It is reinforced by social pressures and by religion, which is treated as an effort of finite man to live in harmony with the infinite reality. Those whose psychological thinking is largely in terms of McDougall will doubtless find this volume a very satisfying expansion; but those who are at all inclined to support their psychological thinking by reference to experimental studies will not be so well pleased. The James-Lange theory, for example, is discussed without mention of the many experimental studies which it has provoked. Theoretical sources appear in general to be preferred to experimental investigations.

Human MotivationThe Mind in Action: A Study of Motives and Values. A. Campbell Garnett

Qualitative Research Methods: A Health Focus

Purpose
The aim of this study is to clarify the process of professional socialization, and to identify its attributes, antecedents, and consequences in nursing. Rodgers' evolutionary method of concept analysis was used to clarify the concept of professional socialization in the field of nursing.

Source
A literature review was conducted by performing a search on scientific databases using the key terms “socialization,” “professional socialization,” and “nursing.” Four hundred forty-six papers for the period 1995–2009 were found, out of which 47 articles and 4 books were selected for the analysis. The process was audited by two independent experts in order to ensure neutrality and credibility.

Conclusion
Professional socialization is a complex process with four critical attributes: learning, interaction, development, and adaptation. Comprehensive educational programs, competent role models, and the provision of adequate field experiences were found to be the antecedents of these attributes. They have either positive or negative consequences for the professional development of nurses. These findings not only add to the body of knowledge, but also serve as an important impetus for further theory development and research in nursing.

Concept Analysis of Professional Socialization in Nursing

Death anxiety, a negative affective state that is incited by mortality salience, may be experienced by nurses and other health care workers who are exposed to sickness, trauma, and violence. This paper examines death anxiety and management strategies among health providers in different health settings across cultures. A literature review of the research published since 2000 in the English language was conducted using PubMed, Science direct, CINAHL, and PsychInfo databases. Death anxiety is commonly experienced and is associated with more negative attitudes about caring for dying patients and their families. Performing educational and psychological interventions to help nurses build strong coping strategies for managing death anxiety are recommended to offset negative consequences such as leaving positions, poor communication, and decrements in personal health and quality of life.

https://ijcbnm.sums.ac.ir/article_40725_4a62193a0f665be0cb2a448bea11a8e9.pdf

Death Anxiety among Nurses and Health Care Professionals: A Review Article

JOOLAEE S., HAJIBABAEE F., PEYROVI H., HAGHANI H. & BAHRANI N. (2011) The relationship between incidence and report of medication errors and working conditions. International Nursing Review58, 37–44



Background:  Medication errors are considered to be a serious threat to patients' safety. Efforts to detect and prevent these errors have increased considerably in recent years.



Aim:  To determine the incidence and reporting rate of medication errors as reported by Iranian nurses and their relationship with work conditions in hospitals under the authority of Iran University of Medical Sciences.



Methods:  This descriptive-analytical study was carried out in six hospitals. Through a stratified multiple stage sampling, 300 nurses were selected. A researcher-constructed, three-part, self-report questionnaire was used to collect data regarding the nurses' medication errors, medication error reports and their perceived working conditions during the previous 3 months. The data were processed using descriptive statistics and Kruskal–Wallis one-way analysis of variance.



Findings:  The mean of medication errors that nurses recalled was 19.5, and the mean of error reporting was 1.3 cases during the previous 3 months. The relationship between error incidence and work conditions as perceived by nurses was statistically significant (df = 3, P ≤ 0.0001); however, there was no significant relationship between reporting the occurred error and nurses' perceived work conditions (df = 3, P ≤ 0.255).



Conclusion and implications:  The establishment of an efficient reporting system, documentation of errors and removal of obstacles to reporting may result in reduced frequency of medication errors. Considering the relationship between medication error incidence and working conditions, it seems that creating a work condition in which nurses feel more comfortable and decreasing work tensions may pave the way to preventing nursing errors.

The relationship between incidence and report of medication errors and working conditions.

Background: Nursing as a practice-based profession requires that student nurses learn how to become professional in the clinical environment. Many studies have addressed student nurses' clinical learning and related problems, but few have explored the whole clinical experience of being a student nurse. Aim: To understand and gain deeper insight into Iranian student nurses' lived experience of clinical placement. Method: Five student nurses were interviewed about their clinical experience during clinical placement. The researchers analysed the verbatim transcripts using van Manen's phenomenological methodology, keeping in mind the recommended six research activities. Findings: Five themes emerged by which the phenomenon of clinical experience could be illustrated. These themes were: caring-orientated relationships, attractive aspects of clinical experience, finding oneself in the clinical milieu, being supportive to classmates, and actualizing potential. Fourteen subthemes expanded and clarified the meaning of these themes. Conclusion: The attention paid and acknowledgement given to 'caring' and 'knowledge' by the student nurses showed that they are progressing toward their ultimate goal of being professional nurses. The student nurses' awareness of 'what is going on there?' and also support from other significant people facilitates the students' adaptation process and guarantees this progress. © 2005 International Council of Nurses.

Iranian student nurses' experiences of clinical placement.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the val idity and reliability of the Persian version of Templer Death Anxiety Scale-Extended (DAS-E) in veterans of Iran ‐Iraq Warfare. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 211 male veterans o f Iran ‐Iraq Warfare completed the 51 item DASE. Principal components analysis with varimax rotat ion was used to assess domain structure of the DAS- E. Internal consistency reliability was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Test‐retest reliability was asses sed with intra-class correlation coefficients for absolute a greement for the individual items and domains. Results: The construct validity of the scale was obtained us ing exploratory factor analysis that showed four factors with Eigen values of greater than 1 (1, 11 items, α = 0.83; 2, 7 items; α = 0.87; 3, 5 items, α = 0.73; and 4, 4 items, α = 0.75). Test‐retest and internal consistency (tot al alpha) was 0.91 and 0.89, respectively. Conclusion: The DAS-E demonstrated suitable validity and relia bility among the veterans under study. The factor analysis demonstrated that the DAS-E has a multi-dimensional structure. With consideration of t he proper psychometric characteristics, this scale can be use d to further research about death anxiety in this p opulation. Declaration of interest: None. Citation: Sharif Nia H, Ebadi A, Lehto RH, Mousavi B, Peyrovi H, Chan YH. Reliability and validity of the persian version of templer death anxiety scale-exte nded in veterans of Iran‐Iraq warfare. Iran J Psych iatry Behav Sci 2014; 8(4): 29-37.

Hamid Peyrovi

Papers

Concept Analysis of Professional Socialization in Nursing

Death Anxiety among Nurses and Health Care Professionals: A Review Article

The relationship between incidence and report of medication errors and working conditions.

Iranian student nurses' experiences of clinical placement.

Reliability and validity of the persian version of templer death anxiety scale-extended in veterans of Iran-Iraq warfare