This document contains the proceedings of the technical workshop entitled “Expanding mariculture: technical, environmental, spatial and governance challenges”, held from 22 to 25 March 2010, in Orbetello, Italy, and organized by the Aquaculture Branch of the Fisheries and Aquaculture Department of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The objective of this workshop was to discuss the growing need to increasingly transfer land-based and coastal aquaculture production systems farther off the coast and provide recommendations for action to FAO, governments and the private sector. The workshop experts proposed general “operational criteria” for defining mariculture activities in three broad categories: (i) coastal mariculture, (ii) off the coast mariculture and (iii) offshore mariculture. Offshore mariculture is likely to offer significant opportunities for food production and development to many coastal countries, especially in regions where the availability of land, nearshore space and freshwater are limited resources. Mariculture is also recognized as a relevant producer of the protein that the global population will need in the coming decades. It is likely that species with the highest production today, such as salmon, will initially drive the development of offshore mariculture. Nevertheless, the workshop agreed that additional efforts are necessary to define optimal species and improve efforts in the development and transfer of technologies that can facilitate offshore mariculture development. The workshop discussions and reviews indicate large potential for the development of offshore mariculture although more detailed assessments are needed to determine the regions and countries that are most promising for development. It is also recommended that efforts be increased to farm lower trophic levels species and optimize feeds and feeding in order to minimize ecosystems impacts and ensure long-term sustainability. Similarly, risk assessments and/or environmental impact assessment and monitoring must always be in place before establishing offshore farms, and permanent environmental monitoring must be ensured. All coastal nations should be prepared to engage actively in developing the technological, legal and financial frameworks needed to support the future development of offshore mariculture to meet global food needs. The workshop report highlights the major opportunities and challenges for a sustainable mariculture industry to grow and further expand off the coast. In particular, the workshop recommended that FAO should provide a forum through which the potential importance of the sea in future food production can be communicated to the public and specific groups of stakeholders and to support its Members and industry in the development needed to expand mariculture to offshore locations. The proceedings include the workshop report and an the accompanying CD–ROM containing six reviews covering technical, environmental, economic and marketing, policy and governance issues, and two case studies on highfin amberjack (Seriola rivoliana) offshore farming in Hawaii (the United States of America) and one on salmon farming in Chile. Lovatelli, A., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J. & Soto, D., eds. 2013. Expanding mariculture farther offshore: technical, environmental, spatial and governance challenges. FAO Technical Workshop, 22–25 March 2010, Orbetello, Italy. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 24. Rome, FAO. 73 pp. Includes a CD–ROM containing the full document (314 pp.).

Expanding mariculture farther offshore Technical, environmental, spatial and governance challenges

Additional co-authors: Dilek Fidan, Linda Fourdain, Marco Frederiksen, Archil Guchmanidze, Housam Hamza, Jessica Harvey, Magda Nenciu, Galin Nikolov, Victor Niţa, Muhammed Dogan Ozdemir, Elitsa Petrova-Pavlova, Gabriel Popescu, Ferit Rad, Safak Seyhaneyildiz Can, John A. Theodorou, Behnan Thomas, Nicolo Tonachella, Ekaterina Tribilustova, Irina Yakhontova, Ahmet Faruk Yesilsu, Guzel Yucel-Gier

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Black Sea Aquaculture: Legacy, Challenges & Future Opportunities

Aquacultures are a sector facing a huge development: farmers usually applying antibiotics to treat and/or prevent diseases. Consequently, effluents from aquaculture represent a source of antibiotics for receiving waters, where they pose a potential threat due to antimicrobial resistance (AMR) induction. This has recently become a major concern and it is expectable that regulations on antibiotics’ discharge will be established in the near future. Therefore, it is urgent to develop treatments for their removal from wastewater. Among the different possibilities, photodegradation under solar radiation may be a sustainable option. Thus, this review aims at providing a survey on photolysis and photocatalysis in view of their application for the degradation of antibiotics from aquaculture wastewater. Experimental facts, factors affecting antibiotics’ removal and employed photocatalysts were hereby addressed. Moreover, gaps in this research area, as well as future challenges, were identified.

Antibiotics in Aquaculture Wastewater: Is It Feasible to Use a Photodegradation-Based Treatment for Their Removal?

Arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc concentrations in the edible part of wild and farmed Sparus aurata from Algerian coastal were determined. The highest concentrations of cadmium (0.0078 mg kg−1 wet weight), copper (0.98 mg kg−1 w.w), and zinc (5.1 mg kg−1 w.w) were recorded in farmed sea bream, whereas the highest arsenic (5.02 mg kg−1 w.w) and lead (0.006 mg kg−1 w.w) levels were registered in wild one. The statistical analysis (Friedman test, p < 0.05) indicated that the origin of fish (wild, farmed in a cage, and farmed in raceway) has relevance to the distribution of metal. Estimated weekly intake of inorganic arsenic, cadmium, and lead for a 72.5-kg person consuming Sparus aurata from Algeria does not exceed 1% of the WHO/JECFA recommended rate for all metals, certainly due to the limited consumption of seafood products by the local population. The total target hazard index is far less than “one” 1, and the carcinogenic risk for arsenic exceeds the acceptable value of 10−5. Based on the result of this study, the potential risk to human health from the consumption of contaminate farmed sea bream (in the cage) should be considered.

Heavy metal concentrations in wild and farmed gilthead sea bream from southern Mediterranean Sea—human health risk assessment

Marine phycotoxins are a multiplicity of bioactive compounds which are produced by microalgae and bioaccumulate in the marine food web. Phycotoxins affect the ecosystem, pose a threat to human health, and have important economic effects on aquaculture and tourism worldwide. However, human health and food safety have been the primary concerns when considering the impacts of phycotoxins. Phycotoxins toxicity information, often used to set regulatory limits for these toxins in shellfish, lacks traceability of toxicity values highlighting the need for predefined toxicological criteria. Toxicity data together with adequate detection methods for monitoring procedures are crucial to protect human health. However, despite technological advances, there are still methodological uncertainties and high demand for universal phycotoxin detectors. This review focuses on these topics, including uncertainties of climate change, providing an overview of the current information as well as future perspectives.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/20/3/198/pdf?version=1646905517

Current Trends and New Challenges in Marine Phycotoxins

Globally, aquaculture is making an increasingly contribution to food security, to increase fish production for a growing global population; aquaculture must grow sustainably at the same time. Commonly, intensive aquaculture in all its aspect affects his environment, in order to provide consumers with a safe and high quality product, waste resulting from high-intensity mariculture is an item that must be considered, so in this review, some practices for sustainable mariculture will be discussed. The use of probiotics is an important tool for sustainable mariculture and it is inevitable that mariculture farming mitigate to more environmentally friendly practices depends on the local context and market demand. The future of seafood production is likely to focus on mariculture, bearing in mind that the protection of the planet and its natural resources (water, biodiversity, climate, etc.) is a key factor in the pursuit of sustainable development in the aquaculture sector.

Towards Sustainable Mariculture: some Global Trends

This study focused on the contamination by Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, and Fe in the surface sediments of marine fish farms in Algeria to assess their spatial distribution, sources, and potential ecological ri...

Assessing the contamination and ecological risk of sediments around the mariculture area in northern Algeria using a multivariate approach

This study revealed the dynamics of the genus Ostreopsis in the south-western Mediterranean Sea fish farm during the 2016 and 2017 summers. This phytoplankton is known to produce palytoxin-like compounds, listed among the most potent marine toxins known, and can pose a serious concern for humans in the Mediterranean area. Principal component analysis (PCA) explained the significance of temperature, salinity, and dissolved inorganic nitrogen in the proliferation of this toxic dinoflagellate. The peak of the Ostreopsis sp. (6.34 × 103 cells L−1) was recorded at 28.4 °C, at a salinity of 38.3 PSU, and the dissolved inorganic nitrogen had a value of 0.60 μmol L−1. Our results highlight the importance of monitoring the proliferation of this harmful dinoflagellate in southern Mediterranean waters.

Hamza Kasmi

Papers

Heavy metal concentrations in wild and farmed gilthead sea bream from southern Mediterranean Sea—human health risk assessment

Towards Sustainable Mariculture: some Global Trends

Assessing the contamination and ecological risk of sediments around the mariculture area in northern Algeria using a multivariate approach

Dynamics of the genus Ostreopsis (Gonyaulacales, Dinophyceae) in a Mediterranean fish farm