A liquid crystal display device and a method of manufacturing the same. The liquid crystal display device includes a plurality of pixel cells on a substrate and a common voltage line. The common voltage line provides a common voltage to the pixel cells, and includes first to third s interconnection patterns which are sequentially stacked over the substrate. Each of the pixel cells includes a storage capacitor which includes a lower electrode, and an upper electrode over the lower electrode. The second interconnection pattern includes the same material as a material of the upper electrode, and is formed in the same process as a process of the upper electrode.

Liquid crystal display device and method of manufacturing the same

In this survey, we present state-of-the-art bitrate adaptation algorithms for HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS). As a key distinction from other streaming approaches, the bitrate adaptation algorithms in HAS are chiefly executed at each client, i.e. , in a distributed manner. The objective of these algorithms is to ensure a high quality of experience (QoE) for viewers in the presence of bandwidth fluctuations due to factors like signal strength, network congestion, network reconvergence events, etc. While such fluctuations are common in public Internet, they can also occur in home networksor even managed networks where there is often admission control and QoS tools. Bitrate adaptation algorithms may take factors like bandwidth estimations, playback buffer fullness, device features, viewer preferences, and content features into account, albeit with different weights. Since the viewer’s QoE needs to be determined in real-time during playback, objective metrics are generally used including number of buffer stalls, duration of startup delay, frequency and amount of quality oscillations, and video instability. By design, the standards for HAS do not mandate any particular adaptation algorithm, leaving it to system builders to innovate and implement their own method. This survey provides an overview of the different methods proposed over the last several years.

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A Survey on Bitrate Adaptation Schemes for Streaming Media Over HTTP

A telecommunication and multimedia management apparatus and method that supports voice and other media communications and that enables users to: (i) participate in multiple conversation modes, including live phone calls, conference calls, instant voice messaging or tactical communications; (ii) review the messages of conversations in either a live mode or a time-shifted mode and to seamlessly transition back and forth between the two modes; (iii) participate in multiple conversations either concurrently or simultaneously; (iv) archive the messages of conversations for later review or processing; and (v) persistently store media either created or received on the communication devices of users. The latter feature enables users to generate or review media when either disconnected from the network or network conditions are poor and to optimize the delivery of media over the network based on network conditions and the intention of the users participating in conversations.

Telecommunication and multimedia management method and apparatus

This paper presents the Spatial Representation Description (SRD) feature of the second amendment of MPEG DASH standard part 1, 23009-1:2014 [1]. SRD is an approach for streaming only spatial sub-parts of a video to display devices, in combination with the form of adaptive multi-rate streaming that is intrinsically supported by MPEG DASH. The SRD feature extends the Media Presentation Description (MPD) of MPEG DASH by describing spatial relationships between associated pieces of video content. This enables the DASH client to select and retrieve only those video streams at those resolutions that are relevant to the user experience. The paper describes the design principles behind SRD, the different possibilities it enables and examples of how SRD was used in different experiments on interactive streaming of ultra-high resolution video.

MPEG DASH SRD: spatial relationship description

As part of a communication session, a wireless source device can transmit audio and video data to a wireless sink device, and the wireless sink device can transmit user input data received at the wireless sink device back to the wireless source device. In this manner, a user of the wireless sink device can control the wireless source device and control the content that is being transmitted from the wireless source device to the wireless sink device.

User input back channel for wireless displays

Traditionally, the media consumption model has been a passive and isolated activity. However, the advent of media streaming technologies, interactive social applications, and synchronous communications, as well as the convergence between these three developments, point to an evolution towards dynamic shared media experiences. In this new model, geographically distributed groups of consumers, independently of their location and the nature of their end-devices, can be immersed in a common virtual networked environment in which they can share multimedia services, interact and collaborate in real-time within the context of simultaneous media content consumption. In most of these multimedia services and applications, apart from the well-known intra and inter-stream synchronization techniques that are important inside the consumers’ playout devices, also the synchronization of the playout processes between several distributed receivers, known as multipoint, group or Inter-destination multimedia synchronization (IDMS), becomes essential. Due to the increasing popularity of social networking, this type of multimedia synchronization has gained in popularity in recent years. Although Social TV is perhaps the most prominent use case in which IDMS is useful, in this paper we present up to 19 use cases for IDMS, each one having its own synchronization requirements. Different approaches used in the (recent) past by researchers to achieve IDMS are described and compared. As further proof of the significance of IDMS nowadays, relevant organizations’(such as ETSI TISPAN and IETF AVTCORE Group) efforts on IDMS standardization (in which authors have been and are participating actively), defining architectures and protocols, are summarized.

/pdf/inter-destination-multimedia-synchronization-schemes-use-1noreipi4x.pdf

Inter-destination multimedia synchronization: schemes, use cases and standardization

When the user initiates the retrieval of the primary content information item by means of entering a user input into the data processing system, e.g. zapping a digital TV that switches channels upon receipt of the user input, he/she has to wait a noticeable time before the rendering and play-out of the primary content information item actually starts. The length of the delay is predicted, on the basis of which one or more secondary content items are rendered and played out to the user during this delay. The invention can also be used for bridging the waiting time in an online ordering system, when loading a program on a personal computer, and in an IMS-based IPTV network.

Playing out interludes based on predicted duration of channel-switching delay or of invoked pause

Methods and systems for synchronizing a first and second media stream are describe, wherein said first and second media stream are being transmitted by at least one media source in a network via a first and second media path to one or more terminals. The method comprises: measuring timing information associated with arrival times of media packets in said first and second media stream using a measuring module positioned at a first location in said first and second media paths; in said network generating buffer instructions for at least one buffer on the basis of said timing information, said buffer being positioned at a second location in at least one of said first or second media path; and, delaying one or more media packets transmitted over said media path to said one or more terminals such that arrival times of media packets at said one or more terminals are substantially synchronized.

Method, system and device for synchronization of media streams

A method is described for transmitting a multimedia stream from a first end-terminal to a second end-terminal. The first and second end-terminal are connected to at least one gateway for enabling the multimedia stream to be transmitted from the first end-terminal to the second end-terminal. The method comprising the steps of: the first end-terminal inviting the gateway to set up a first multimedia session between the first end-terminal and the gateway, the first multimedia session being controlled by a first protocol; the gateway notifying - in response to the invitation - the second end-terminal of the pending invitation; the second end-terminal setting up - in response to the notification - a second multimedia session between the second end-terminal and the gateway, the second multimedia session being controlled by a second protocol; the gateway setting up - in response to the invitation -the first multimedia session; and transmitting a multimedia stream from the first end-terminal to the second end-terminal. The first protocol may be SIP, the second protocol may be RTSP.

Method and system for transmitting a multimedia stream

Within the EU FP7 project FascinatE, a capture, production and delivery system capable of allowing end-users to interactively view and navigate around an ultra-high resolution video panorama showing a live event is being developed. Network-based processing is used to repurpose the content to suit delivery towards different device types and user selection of regions of interest. In this paper we report on the ongoing developments of the FascinatE delivery network functionality. The associated prototype demonstrates the key concepts of this functionality, showing how spatial segmentation and tiled streaming can be harnessed to allow for efficient content delivery while maintaining high interactivity.

Hans Maarten Stokking

Papers

Inter-destination multimedia synchronization: schemes, use cases and standardization

Playing out interludes based on predicted duration of channel-switching delay or of invoked pause

Method, system and device for synchronization of media streams

Method and system for transmitting a multimedia stream

Spatial segmentation for immersive media delivery