世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

This paper attempts to further theoretical and empirical understanding of adherent and constituent mobilization by proposing and analyzing frame alignment as a conceptual bridge linking social psychological and resource mobilization views on movement participation. Extension of Goffinan's (1974) frame analytic perspective provides the conceptualltheoretical framework; field research on two religious movements, the peace movement, and several neighborhood movements provide the primary empirical base. Four frame alignment processes are identified and elaborated: frame bridging, frame amplification, frame extension, and frame transformation. The basic underlying premise is that frame alignment, of one variety or another, is a necessary condition for participation, whatever its nature or intensity, and that it is typically an interactional and ongoing accomplishment. The paper concludes with an elaboration of several sets of theoretical and research implications.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2095581.pdf

Frame alignment processes, micromobilization, and movement participation.

Although several psychological theories predict that members of stigmatized groups should have low global self-esteem, empirical research typically does not support this prediction. It is proposed here that this discrepancy may be explained by considering the ways in which membership in a stigmatized group may protect the self-concept It is proposed that members of stigmatized groups may (a) attribute negative feedback to prejudice against their group, (b) compare their outcomes with those of the ingroup, rather than with the relatively advantaged outgroup, and (c) selectively devalue those dimensions on which their group fares poorly and value those dimensions on which their group excels. Evidence for each of these processes and their consequences for self-esteem and motivation is reviewed. Factors that moderate the use of these strategies and implications of this analysis for treatment of stigmas are also discussed. For more than three decades, social psychological research on prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination has examined both the content of stereotypes about a variety of social groups

Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma.

Meanwhile, the authors' antidote to the American sicknessa quest for democratic community that draws on our diverse civic and religious traditionshas contributed to a vigorous scholarly and popular debate. Attention has been focused on forms of social organization, be it civil society, democratic communitarianism, or associative democracy, that can humanize the market and the administrative state. In their new Introduction the authors relate the argument of their book both to the current realities of American society and to the growing debate about the country's future. With this new edition one of the most influential books of recent times takes on a new immediacy.\

Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life

Distinguishing four sources of power in human societies – ideological, economic, military and political – The Sources of Social Power traces their interrelations throughout human history In this first volume, Michael Mann examines interrelations between these elements from neolithic times, through ancient Near Eastern civilizations, the classical Mediterranean age and medieval Europe, up to just before the Industrial Revolution in England It offers explanations of the emergence of the state and social stratification; of city-states, militaristic empires and the persistent interaction between them; of the world salvation religions; and of the particular dynamism of medieval and early modern Europe It ends by generalizing about the nature of overall social development, the varying forms of social cohesion and the role of classes and class struggle in history First published in 1986, this new edition of Volume 1 includes a new preface by the author examining the impact and legacy of the work

The sources of social power

is to translate forms of struggle over traditional issues into new forms of struggle that broaden the range of issues addressed and challenged, without at the same time forgetting the difficulty and importance of traditional struggles about wages and conditions or the sectional struggles of those who suffer the state . Despite the limitations and weaknesses of the pamphlet, its publication should be welcomed by socialists. It provides an occasion for us to address a series of important questions that need to be answered . Those questions should be asked at home, at work, at union meetings, at `political' meetings whenever and wherever possible. The answers to these questions will be crucial to the form and direction of socialist activity in the coming struggles . These are indeed discussion notes for socialists . They should herald the beginning of a lively and important debate .

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Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. By Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977.

In response to the empirical and theoretical weaknesses of the older social stress or deprivation theories of social movements, a new general theory of social movements—resource mobilization theory—has become increasingly popular. One of the most basic points of disagreement between theorists accepting one or the other general perspective involves the extent to which the development and growth of a social movement can be attributed to the preconditions of social stress or some form of deprivation. This article begins by describing how the two perspectives are indirectly rooted in differeing paradigms of social organization, which leads to divergent assumptions about the nature of social conflict and social order. Next, theoretical and empirical problems contained in each perspective are shown to be partially related to these assumptions. Finally, a continuum describing “movements of crisis” and “movements of affluence” is constructed to suggest that the structural conditions inviting social movement activ...

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Movements of "Crisis" and Movements of "Affluence": A Critique of Deprivation and Resource Mobilization Theories

Perspectives and concepts in the study of social stratification dimensions of inequality in the US social stratification in human societies - the history of inequality social stratification theory - early settlements modern theories of social stratification the upper class the corporate class the middle and working classes poverty and the political economy of welfare the persistence of ascription - gender, race, and ethnic inequality the social mobility - class, ascription and achievement the process of legitimization the world stratification in Japan social stratificaiton in Germany.

Social stratification and inequality : class conflict in historical and comparative perspective

From a series of qualitative interviews with Japanese managers and German managers and workers in thirty-one Japanese-owned companies in the Dusseldorf region of western Germany, this article discusses differences in cultural patterns and organizational styles between the German and Japanese employees and the problems these pose for communication, cooperation, and morale. First, we deal with cultural contrasts: language issues, interpersonal styles (personability and politeness), and norms regarding the taking of responsibility. Second, we examine the impact on cross-nationality relations of established organizational practice: for example, German specialism vs. Japanese generalism; direct and vertical vs. indirect and incremental decision making. We also discuss efforts by these firms to find compromise systems that would meet the needs and interests of both sides. The third focus is the reactions of Japanese companies in North Rhine-Westphalia to German unions, works councils, and codetermination regulations. In the labor view, Japanese firms overall do no better or worse than comparable German firms.

Japanese Companies in Germany: A Case Study in Cross-Cultural Management

Preface The "Iron Triangle": The Nature and Impact of Japanese Elites Japan: Some Key Aspects of Social Structure and Culture From Bakufu to Keiretsu: The Making of the Japanese Upper Class The Corporate Elite: A New Upper Class of "Japan, Inc." The Bureaucratic Elite: The Guiding Hand and Training Ground for a New Upper Class The Political Elite: Junior Partner and Protectorate Uniting for Power: Intermarriage, Keibatsu, Business Groups, and Social Clubs The Todai Connection: Elite Recruitment and Reproduction Japan's Mass Society: People Control for Elite Power Elites and the Future of Japan: Some Final Thoughts Notes References

Harold R. Kerbo

Papers

Poor People's Movements: Why They Succeed, How They Fail. By Frances Fox Piven and Richard A. Cloward. New York: Pantheon Books, 1977.

Movements of "Crisis" and Movements of "Affluence": A Critique of Deprivation and Resource Mobilization Theories

Social stratification and inequality : class conflict in historical and comparative perspective

Japanese Companies in Germany: A Case Study in Cross-Cultural Management

Who Rules Japan? The Inner Circles of Economic and Political Power