Reliability of Cluster-Based Nodes in Wireless Sensor Networks of Cyber Physical Systems

Wireless sensor networks contains various sensor nodes. Every node has little assets as far as power, and bandwidth. In hierarchal clustering of sensors in wireless sensor networks, type-2 fuzzy logic with three parameters (remaining energy, distance, concentration) is used for cluster head selection. Various hierarchical based routing protocols are there to route the traffic from source to the goal. This sort of protocol divides the network into small clusters and builds a hierarchy of nodes. Therefore, a genetic algorithm is proposed by taking same parameters to improve lifetime of the network. A comparison between type-2 fuzzy logic and genetic algorithm, respectively, is made. Various performance parameters such as alive node count, dead node count and residual energy has been evaluated based on these parameters. There is an improvement in case of genetic based approach as compared to type-2 fuzzy based selection approach and comparison has been done on different network topologies. One with random topology and second by taking fixed topology.

Cluster Head Selection Using Genetic Algorithm in Hierarchical Clustered Sensor Network

In recent time, the applications' diversity of wireless sensor network (WSN) attracts many researchers. WSN comprises of many sensor nodes with limited battery power. Therefore, energy consumption should be controlled to the optimum. Clustering is an efficient solution for energy management in WSN, but clustering does not consider the sink node location. It will cause the energy hole problem in multi-hop routing. Energy hole problem was solved by unequal clustering. A review of various unequal clustering mechanisms is presented in this paper. The comparison between the various mechanisms was based on cluster head election process, cluster properties, simulation parameters and energy efficiency to highlight a more efficient and scalable unequal clustering algorithm for  WSN.

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Unequal clustering in wireless sensor network: a review

The design of an energy-efficient routing protocol is crucial for extending the life-time of limited energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To achieve this goal, the authors propose three proactive routing protocols; the first protocol is a circle zone stable election protocol (CZSEP). This protocol is a two-level heterogeneous energy protocol with a circle zone located at the centre of the network field and used to deploy the normal nodes and with advanced nodes that are randomly distributed around the circle zone. The performance of the proposed CZSEP was compared to that of the conventional ZSEP considering the same total initial energy. To further improve the performance of CZSEP, they propose the second protocol named as, CZSEP with helper nodes (CZSEP-HN) which is a three-level heterogeneous energy protocol. In CZSEP-HN, they add helper nodes in certain places in the network field to minimise the energy consumption in the considered network. Both CZSEP and CZSEP-HN can overcome the problem of large transmission distance between normal nodes and the base station (BS) and between cluster-heads and BS exists in conventional ZSEP. Finally, they propose the third protocol, which is a modified CZSEP-HN (MCZSEP-HN) to overcome the problem of energy consumption in CZSEP-HN. MCZSEP-HN is a four-level heterogeneous energy protocol with two circle zones one for normal nodes and the other for intermediate nodes. The obtained results showed that the MCZSEP-HN outperforms the other protocols in terms of life-time, throughput, stability and instability period and can reduce the energy consumption in WSNs.

https://ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1049/iet-wss.2018.5200

Energy-efficient circle zones stable election protocol with helper nodes for heterogeneous WSNs

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) are composed of a set of sensors and devices, that collect, store, process, and send physiological information. The collected data can be used to monitor elderly people, the activity of an athlete and many other benefits. However, physiological, and medical information are classified as private data, thus, WBANs applications must implement security models to protect the collected information during collection, transmission, and storage procedures. Indeed, several security requirements must be addressed in WBANs. This paper aims to present the architecture of WBANs, review the security requirements, and discuss the type of attacks and threats that can influence the performance and efficiency of WBANs.

Security Challenges of Wireless Body Area Networks: Threats and Solution

WSNs are evolving as both a vital new domain in the IT environment and a hot research including system design, networking, and distributed algorithms, programming models, data management, security and social components. Wireless sensor networks are rapidly picking up the popularity as they are potentially low cost solutions. The fundamental thought of sensor network is to scatter minor sensing gadgets over a particular geographic zone for some specific purposes like target tracking, surveillance, environmental screening and so on. These tiny devices are equipped for sensing a few progressions of parameters and communicating with different units. Since the network is wireless, the nodes communicate with each other via means of wireless. The wireless sensor network is interfaced with the outside world by a gateway server or controlling server. This paper focuses on the detailed survey of various clustering approaches used in wsn.

/pdf/clustering-in-wireless-sensor-network-a-review-54e1xwknkg.pdf

Clustering in wireless sensor network: a review

Energy consumption is the core issue in wireless sensor networks (WSN). To generate a node energy model that can accurately reveal the energy consumption of sensor nodes is an extremely important part of protocol development, system design and performance evaluation in WSNs. In this paper, by studying component energy consumption in different node states and within state transitions, the authors present the energy models of the node core components, including processors, RF modules and sensors. One of the major issues in wireless sensor networks is developing a routing protocol which has a significant impact on the overall lifetime of the sensor network. The network area is divided into same sized small–small regions. Sensor nodes are randomly deployed in each predefined sub-area. Each region will have its region head (RH) and multiple member nodes. The member nodes in a specific region will send the data to the RH. RH within the region will be elected by distributed mechanism and will be based on fuzzy variables. It was found that the proposed algorithm gives a much improved network lifetime as compared to existing work. Based on our model, transmission tuning algorithm for cluster-based WSNs has been proposed to balance the load among cluster heads that fall in different regions. This algorithm is applied prior to a cluster algorithm to improve the performance of the clustering algorithm without affecting the performance of individual sensor nodes.

Harpinderjeet Kaur Sekhon

Papers

Clustering in wireless sensor network: a review

An enhanced clustering approach for energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks