The heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni) content of a fish species consumed by the Sistan population and its associated health risk factors were investigated. The mean concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Cr were slightly higher than the standard levels. The Ni content of fish was below the maximum guideline proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA). The average estimated weekly intake was significantly below the provisional tolerable intake based on the FAO and WHO standards for all studied metals. The target hazard quotients (THQ) of all metals were below 1, showing an absence of health hazard for the population of Sistan. The combined target hazard quotient for the considered metals was 26.94 × 10−3. The cancer risk factor for Pb (1.57 × 10−7) was below the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk (10−5). The results of this study reveal an almost safe level of Pb, Cd, Cr, and Ni contents in the fish consumed by the Sistan population.

Health risk assessment of heavy metal intake due to fish consumption in the Sistan region, Iran

The contribution of this study is to apply a hybrid method to identify critical green supply chain practices (GSCP) based on importance and performance level under linguistic preferences. The leather industry in Bangladesh is facing acute pressure to minimize environmental pollution. Proper assessment of GSCP ensure effective implementation and thereby helping the industry face environmental challenges. However, there is lack of methods available for the assessment of GSCP concerning their importance and performance attributes under linguistic preferences. This study uses fuzzy set theory to handle fuzziness of human perceptions since the GSCP attributes usually expressed in linguistic preferences. Then, fuzzy importance and performance analysis (FIPA) approach was applied to identify GSCP importance and performance levels. Moreover, FIPA matrix was plotted to determine the critical GSCP as enablers of environmental performance enhancement. Additionally, a comprehensive measurement structure is also absent that requires the inclusion of supply chain partners as aspects. The objective is to assess GSCP based on importance and performance level. The study reveals that supplier and manufacturer viewpoints are the most critical aspects. Furthermore, designing for recycling water and minimizing waste during manufacturing, participation in an ISO 14001 environmental certification system, selection of suitable suppliers based on environmental criteria are the critical GSCP attributes. The managerial implications also are presented. The study presents certain limitations and thus proposes future studies.

Assessing green supply chain practices in Bangladesh using fuzzy importance and performance approach

Background. Bangladesh is a densely populated country with a high demand for non-vegetable protein. Poultry meat is an important source of protein due to its affordability. Trace metals are persist...

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Assessment of Trace Metals in Consumer Chickens in Bangladesh

Real-time particulate matters (PM1, PM2.5, PM4, PM7, PM10, and TSP) with AEROCET 531S (USA), gaseous pollutants (NO2 and TVOC) with Aeroquel 500 gas sampler (NZ) were measured from the indoor air of houses at four residential locations in Dhaka, Bangladesh. PM10 samples were collected on quartz filters with a dual channel dust sampler (IPM-FDS 2510, India) for selected trace metal determination from five houses of Dhaka. Respiratory function of the occupants was assessed by using a peak expiratory flow meter (Rossmax PF 120). Mean PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 concentrations were 46.1 ± 13.4, 76.0 ± 16.2, and 203.9 ± 44.8 μg m−3, respectively. Higher enrichment factors of Pb, Zn, and Ni were found for traffic, industrial, and constructional activities. The correlation between indoor and outdoor PM2.5 (R2 = 0.42) and ratios (I/O < 1) suggesting indoor air was effected by outdoor air. The concentration of NO2 (0.076 ± 0.007 ppm) and TVOC (90.0 ± 46.0 ppm) was found above than other studies. The average total hazard ratio (THR) in Dhaka was 9.06 and has the highest exposure to air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2) in Khilkhet (THR 10.1) residents. A negative association between ultra-fine particles (PM1) and peak flow rate measurements of the residents living in these houses indicates that inhalations of ultra-fine particles has great influence on the reduced lung efficiency.

Particulate matters and gaseous pollutants in indoor environment and Association of ultra-fine particulate matters (PM 1 ) with lung function

Unplanned industrialization and improper management of wastes and gases into open surfaces are affecting the agricultural lands causing heavy metal pollution This study monitored a suburban industrial zone located beside the Dhaka Export Processing Zone (DEPZ) at the Dhaka district in Bangladesh We studied the heavy metal (Fe, Mn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, and Cd) concentration in the agricultural soils, plants, and in the atmospheric particulate matter (PM) The soils were found moderately contaminated with Fe, Cu, Ni, Co, and Zn and less contamination with Mn, Cr, Pb, and Cd The enrichment factor (EF) and pollution load index (PLI) concluded a moderate level of soil pollution in this region Besides, the plant samples showed an excess level of Cr and a similar level of Cu, Ni, Co, Zn, Pb, and Cd compared with the levels of industrial polluted sites of Bangladesh The atmospheric PM analysis showed the presence of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Zn, and Pb metals The EF showed the anthropogenic origin of Mn and Ni in the atmospheric PM The statistical correlation (r < 00001) of soil and plant heavy metals showed the possibility of transfer of metals from soil to plant which will cause the increase of pollution intensity Overall, this agricultural region became an intermediate pollution zone This study will help the decision-maker become conscious of heavy metal pollution in the suburban regions to monitor agricultural lands from anthropogenic pollution

Assessment of heavy metal pollution in the agricultural soils, plants, and in the atmospheric particulate matter of a suburban industrial region in Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Background. For over a decade, solid tannery waste has been converted into protein concentrate and used as a feed ingredient because of its cheap availability. However, as chromium sulfate is commonly used in the tanning process, the chromium (Cr) content of tanned skin-cut wastes (SCW) may enter the edible parts of poultry through feed. Therefore, there is a chance that Cr and other heavy metals may be present in the edible portion of poultry and consequently transfer to humans upon poultry consumption. Objectives. In this study, skin-cut wastes (SCW)-based poultry feed and the edible parts of chicken fed with this feed were analyzed to understand the potential health risks of their use as poultry feed. Methods. In the present study, the presence of heavy metal content in SCW, poultry feed, and edible portions of different kinds of chicken was determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer methods and the associated health risk estimation was calculated by comparing the target hazard quotient (THQ)...

Potential Human Health Risks of Tannery Waste-contaminated Poultry Feed

Dew water samples were collected during the winter season (December, 2014 to January, 2015) at an outflow location from the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) to the Bay of Bengal (Coastal Bhola, Bangladesh). Physical properties of the dew water, including pH and electrical conductivity (EC), were measured. The concentrations of water soluble ions (Cl−, SO4
 2−, NO3
 −, HCO3
 −, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+) and trace metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, Pd, and Ni) were also measured. Source characterization of the chemical species was done by correlation analysis, enrichment factor analysis, percent source contribution calculation, and air mass trajectory analysis. The average pH and EC of the collected dew water were 6.81 and 154.80 μS cm−1, respectively. The average concentration of SO4
 2− and NO3
 − was 264.10 and 222.20 μeq L−1, respectively. The concentrations of water soluble ions followed the sequence: Ca2+ > Cl−> SO4
 2 > Na+ > NO3
 −> Mg2+ > K+ > HCO3
 −. The concentrations of trace metals ranged in order with Zn > Fe > Mn > Cu, while the concentrations of Cr, Pb, and Ni were below detection limit in dew water. Regression analysis showed significant correlations among sea, soil, and anthropogenic species. High enrichment factors of SO4
 2−, NO3
 −, Zn, Mn, and Cu indicates anthropogenic sources. Percent source contribution of different species showed significant anthropogenic contribution for Cl−(1.80%), SO4
 2−(83.5%), and NO3
 −(99.3%). Air mass trajectory analysis supported that the regional urban pollutions have significant influence on the dew water chemistry at the coastal Bhola, Bangladesh.

Dew water chemical composition and source characterization in the IGP outflow location (coastal Bhola, Bangladesh)

Rice is the major staple food for Bangladeshi people for which it is urgent to determine the metal nutritional status as well toxicity of rice available in the local market. Therefore, the content of trace elements and heavy metals such as; Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Cobalt (Co), Cadmium (Cd) and Lead (Pb) were analyzed in rice samples purchased from the major markets in Dhaka City using Atomic Absorption Flame Spectrometry (AAFS). Microwave assisted digestion method was used for sample preparation to determine trace and heavy metals. The metals detected in rice samples ranged from 0.5 to 3.5 mg/kg of Cu, 3.63 to 82.38 mg/kg of Zn, 1.13 to 14.38 mg/kg of Fe 1.63 to 12.50 mg/kg of Mn, and 0 to 2.0 mg/kg of Ni. Whereas, the concentration of Pb and Cd were within < 0.05mg/Kg. Overall, the present study reveals that the levels of the trace elements were generally below permissible limits. However, Fe was found to be higher in some samples. Thus it is apparent that the metal concentration in rice of Dhaka is within the safety limit of consumption.

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Heavy and Trace Elements in Some Varieties of Rice Consumed in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Breast cancer is one of the two major cancers of females. The mortality rate for breast cancer is significantly high in Bangladesh (about 15.4% among the female cancer patients). There are many pos...

Determination of Serum Methylparaben Concentrations of Bangladeshi Breast Cancer Patients by RP-HPLC

Field experiment was conducted in absence and presence of potash and gypsum fertilizers, to compare and investigate the quantity levels of heavy metals and nutrients in leafy vegetables with growth stage and plant species variations, respectively. Seeds of Spinacia oleracia (Spinach), Colocasia esculenta (Taro), Ipoma aquatica (Water spinach), Cucurbita maxima (Pumpkin leaves), Basella alba (Indian spinach), Amaranthus gangeticus (Red amaranth), Coccinia grandis (Ivy gourd), Corchorus olitorius (Jute leaves), Basella rubra (Malabar Spinach), Coriandum sativum (Coriander leaves), Amaranthus lividus (Amaranth) were sown in the experimental filed in Joypurhat district of Bangladesh. The quantity of heavy metals [cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn)] and nutrients [sodium (Na), potassium (K) and calcium (Ca)] in vegetables were determined by atomic absorption spectrometer and flame photometer, after the microwave digestion of these vegetables with 70% concentrated HNO3. The quantities of heavy metals were increased with the age of the plant, but the increases were not linear. Moreover, the order of heavy metals level in different vegetables was Zn >Ni >Cd >Pb. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) for Zn, Ni, Cd and Pb were as 0.143, 0.085, 0.1029 and 0.806, respectively. The sequence of HQ for the heavy metals followed the decreasing order Pb >Zn >Cd >Ni. The HQ value for all the heavy metals, Zn, Cd Ni and Pb were less than 1, which is considered safe or indicates no adverse effect on human health. \nBangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 22(1): 56-67, 2019

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Hasina Akhter Simol

Papers

Potential Human Health Risks of Tannery Waste-contaminated Poultry Feed

Dew water chemical composition and source characterization in the IGP outflow location (coastal Bhola, Bangladesh)

Heavy and Trace Elements in Some Varieties of Rice Consumed in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Determination of Serum Methylparaben Concentrations of Bangladeshi Breast Cancer Patients by RP-HPLC

Impact of Gypsum and Potash Fertilizers on Heavy Metals and Nutrients Levels in Some Selected Leafy Vegetables and Assessment of Potential Health Risk