Antimicrobial activity of flavonoids

Section I. Introduction to the Sunflower Family.- 1. Biology and Distribution.- 2. Classification, Phylogeny and Biogeography.- Section II. Introduction to the Flavonoids.- 3. The Use of Flavonoids as Taxonomic Markers.- 4. Structural Variation of the Flavonoids of Asteraceae.- 5. Biosynthesis of Flavonoids.- 6. Biological Functions of Flavonoids.- Section III. Flavonoid Data.- 7. Flavonoids of Anthemideae.- 8. Flavonoids of Astereae.- 9. Flavonoids of Calenduleae and Cardueae.- 10. Flavonoids of Eupatorieae.- 11. Flavonoids of Heliantheae s.l.- 12. Flavonoids of Inuleae s.l.- 13. Flavonoids of Lactuceae.- 14. Flavonoids of Mutisieae and Barnadesioideae.- 15. Flavonoids of Senecioneae.- 16. Flavonoids of Tageteae.- 17. Flavonoids of Vernonieae and Liabeae.- Section IV. Efficacy of Flavonoids at Different Taxonomic Levels.- 18. Flavonoids at the Subfamilial Level.- 19. Flavonoids at the Tribal Level.- 20. Flavonoids at the Subtribal Level.- 21. Flavonoids at the Generic Level.- 22. Flavonoids at the Specific Level.- 23. Flavonoids at Infraspecific Levels.- Section V. Flavonoids as Indicators of the Evolutionary Process.- 24. Flavonoids and Populational Variation.- 25. Flavonoids and Hybridization and Introgression.- Section VI. Flavonoids and Phylogeny.- 26. Flavonoid Relationships with other Families.- 27. Evolution of the Flavonoid System in Asteraceae.- Addendum.- References.- Common Names of Flavonoids Used in This Book and Their Equivalents.- Chemical Index.- Taxon Index.

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Flavonoids of the Sunflower Family (Asteraceae)

Phenolics and extracted phenolic compounds of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) show antibacterial activity against several bacteria. The majority of phenolic compounds are stilbenes, flavonoids, proanthocyanidins, phenolic acids, and lignans that are biosynthesized in the wood through the phenylpropanoid pathway. In Scots pine (P. sylvestris), the most abundant phenolic and antibacterial compounds are pinosylvin-type stilbenes and flavonol- and dihydroflavonol-type flavonoids, such as kaempferol, quercetin, and taxifolin and their derivatives. In Norway spruce (P. abies) on the other hand, the main stilbene is resveratrol and the major flavonoids are quercetin and myricetin. In general, when the results from the literature regarding the activities of flavonoid glycosides and their aglycones against a total of twenty-one microorganisms are summarized, it was found that phenolic glycosides are less active than the corresponding aglycones, although a number of exceptions are also known. The aglycones in plants respond to various kinds of biotic stress. Synergistic effects between aglycones and their glycosides have been observed. Minimum inhibition concentrations of below 10 mg L−1 against bacteria have been reported for gallic acid, apigenin, and several methylated and acylated flavonols present in these industrially important trees. In general, the phenolic compounds are more active against Gram-positive bacteria, but apigenin is reported to exhibit strong activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The present review lists some of the biosynthesis pathways for the antibacterial phenolic metabolites found in Scots pine (P. sylvestris) and Norway spruce (P. abies). The antimicrobial activity of the compounds is collected and compared to gather information about the most effective secondary metabolites.

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Bioactive phenolic compounds, metabolism and properties: a review on valuable chemical compounds in Scots pine and Norway spruce

Sesquiterpenoids in subtribe Centaureinae (Cass.) Dumort (tribe Cardueae, Asteraceae): distribution, 13C-NMR spectral data and biological properties

Context: Centaurea L. (Astreaceae) species are used as herbal remedies in Turkey. Centaurea calolepis Boiss. is an endemic species of Anatolia that has not been subjected to phytochemical studies except essential oil analysis.Objective: Secondary metabolite determination, isolation and structure elucidation of pure compounds were performed on C. calolepis. Cnicin, which is the main component of several Centaurea species, was tested for its in vitro anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities.Materials and methods: Chloroform and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of C. calolepis were subjected to isolation process using column chromatography. The structures of the compounds were characterized by 1D- and 2D-NMR experiments. Thin–layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography were used in determination of phenolics. Cnicin was subjected to a panel of cellular assays to test for inhibition of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), reactive oxygen sp...

Hatice Ayyildiz

Papers

6-Methoxylated and C-glycosyl flavonoids from Centaurea species.

Sesquiterpene lactones from centaurea coronopifolia