This report updates the 2002 recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (CDC. Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 2002;51 [No. RR-3]:1-31). The 2003 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) the timing of influenza vaccination by age and risk group; 2) influenza vaccine for children aged 6-23 months; 3) the 2003-2004 trivalent inactivated vaccine virus strains: A/Moscow/10/99 (H3N2)-like, A/New Caledonia/20/99 (H1N1)-like, and B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like antigens (for the A/Moscow/10/99 [H3N2]-like antigen, manufacturers will use the antigenically equivalent A/Panama/2007/99 [H3N2] virus, and for the B/Hong Kong/330/2001-like antigen, manufacturers will use either B/Hong Kong/330/2001 or the antigenically equivalent B/Hong Kong/1434/2002); 4) availability of certain influenza vaccine doses with reduced thimerosal content, including single 0.25 mL-dose syringes; and 5) manufacturers of influenza vaccine for the U.S. market. Although the optimal time to vaccinate against influenza is October and November, vaccination in December and later continues to be strongly recommended A link to this report and other information regarding influenza can be accessed at http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/diseases/flu/fluvirus.htm.

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/6625/cdc_6625_DS1.pdf

Prevention and control of influenza : recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)

The annual impact of seasonal influenza in the US: Measuring disease burden and costs

This report updates the 2009 recommendations by CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of influenza vaccine for the prevention and control of influenza (CDC. Prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP]. MMWR 2009;58[No. RR-8] and CDC. Use of influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine---recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices [ACIP], 2009. MMWR 2009;58:[No. RR-10]). The 2010 influenza recommendations include new and updated information. Highlights of the 2010 recommendations include 1) a recommendation that annual vaccination be administered to all persons aged >or=6 months for the 2010-11 influenza season; 2) a recommendation that children aged 6 months--8 years whose vaccination status is unknown or who have never received seasonal influenza vaccine before (or who received seasonal vaccine for the first time in 2009-10 but received only 1 dose in their first year of vaccination) as well as children who did not receive at least 1 dose of an influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent vaccine regardless of previous influenza vaccine history should receive 2 doses of a 2010-11 seasonal influenza vaccine (minimum interval: 4 weeks) during the 2010--11 season; 3) a recommendation that vaccines containing the 2010-11 trivalent vaccine virus strains A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like (the same strain as was used for 2009 H1N1 monovalent vaccines), A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2)-like, and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like antigens be used; 4) information about Fluzone High-Dose, a newly approved vaccine for persons aged >or=65 years; and 5) information about other standard-dose newly approved influenza vaccines and previously approved vaccines with expanded age indications. Vaccination efforts should begin as soon as the 2010-11 seasonal influenza vaccine is available and continue through the influenza season. These recommendations also include a summary of safety data for U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines. These recommendations and other information are available at CDC's influenza website (http://www.cdc.gov/flu); any updates or supplements that might be required during the 2010-11 influenza season also will be available at this website. Recommendations for influenza diagnosis and antiviral use will be published before the start of the 2010-11 influenza season. Vaccination and health-care providers should be alert to announcements of recommendation updates and should check the CDC influenza website periodically for additional information.

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Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009.

Broadly neutralizing antibodies against highly variable viral pathogens are much sought after to treat or protect against global circulating viruses. Here we probed the neutralizing antibody repertoires of four human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected donors with remarkably broad and potent neutralizing responses and rescued 17 new monoclonal antibodies that neutralize broadly across clades. Many of the new monoclonal antibodies are almost tenfold more potent than the recently described PG9, PG16 and VRC01 broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and 100-fold more potent than the original prototype HIV broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. The monoclonal antibodies largely recapitulate the neutralization breadth found in the corresponding donor serum and many recognize novel epitopes on envelope (Env) glycoprotein gp120, illuminating new targets for vaccine design. Analysis of neutralization by the full complement of anti-HIV broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies now available reveals that certain combinations of antibodies should offer markedly more favourable coverage of the enormous diversity of global circulating viruses than others and these combinations might be sought in active or passive immunization regimes. Overall, the isolation of multiple HIV broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies from several donors that, in aggregate, provide broad coverage at low concentrations is a highly positive indicator for the eventual design of an effective antibody-based HIV vaccine.

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Broad neutralization coverage of HIV by multiple highly potent antibodies

This report updates the 2020-21 recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) regarding the use of seasonal influenza vaccines in the United States (MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69[No. RR-8]). Routine annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all persons aged ≥6 months who do not have contraindications. For each recipient, a licensed and age-appropriate vaccine should be used. ACIP makes no preferential recommendation for a specific vaccine when more than one licensed, recommended, and age-appropriate vaccine is available. During the 2021-22 influenza season, the following types of vaccines are expected to be available: inactivated influenza vaccines (IIV4s), recombinant influenza vaccine (RIV4), and live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV4).The 2021-22 influenza season is expected to coincide with continued circulation of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Influenza vaccination of persons aged ≥6 months to reduce prevalence of illness caused by influenza will reduce symptoms that might be confused with those of COVID-19. Prevention of and reduction in the severity of influenza illness and reduction of outpatient visits, hospitalizations, and intensive care unit admissions through influenza vaccination also could alleviate stress on the U.S. health care system. Guidance for vaccine planning during the pandemic is available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pandemic-guidance/index.html. Recommendations for the use of COVID-19 vaccines are available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/covid-19.html, and additional clinical guidance is available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html.Updates described in this report reflect discussions during public meetings of ACIP that were held on October 28, 2020; February 25, 2021; and June 24, 2021. Primary updates to this report include the following six items. First, all seasonal influenza vaccines available in the United States for the 2021-22 season are expected to be quadrivalent. Second, the composition of 2021-22 U.S. influenza vaccines includes updates to the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and influenza A(H3N2) components. U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines will contain hemagglutinin derived from an influenza A/Victoria/2570/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus (for egg-based vaccines) or an influenza A/Wisconsin/588/2019 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus (for cell culture-based and recombinant vaccines), an influenza A/Cambodia/e0826360/2020 (H3N2)-like virus, an influenza B/Washington/02/2019 (Victoria lineage)-like virus, and an influenza B/Phuket/3073/2013 (Yamagata lineage)-like virus. Third, the approved age indication for the cell culture-based inactivated influenza vaccine, Flucelvax Quadrivalent (ccIIV4), has been expanded from ages ≥4 years to ages ≥2 years. Fourth, discussion of administration of influenza vaccines with other vaccines includes considerations for coadministration of influenza vaccines and COVID-19 vaccines. Providers should also consult current ACIP COVID-19 vaccine recommendations and CDC guidance concerning coadministration of these vaccines with influenza vaccines. Vaccines that are given at the same time should be administered in separate anatomic sites. Fifth, guidance concerning timing of influenza vaccination now states that vaccination soon after vaccine becomes available can be considered for pregnant women in the third trimester. As previously recommended, children who need 2 doses (children aged 6 months through 8 years who have never received influenza vaccine or who have not previously received a lifetime total of ≥2 doses) should receive their first dose as soon as possible after vaccine becomes available to allow the second dose (which must be administered ≥4 weeks later) to be received by the end of October. For nonpregnant adults, vaccination in July and August should be avoided unless there is concern that later vaccination might not be possible. Sixth, contraindications and precautions to the use of ccIIV4 and RIV4 have been modified, specifically with regard to persons with a history of severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to an influenza vaccine. A history of a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of any egg-based IIV, LAIV, or RIV of any valency is a precaution to use of ccIIV4. A history of a severe allergic reaction to a previous dose of any egg-based IIV, ccIIV, or LAIV of any valency is a precaution to use of RIV4. Use of ccIIV4 and RIV4 in such instances should occur in an inpatient or outpatient medical setting under supervision of a provider who can recognize and manage a severe allergic reaction; providers can also consider consulting with an allergist to help identify the vaccine component responsible for the reaction. For ccIIV4, history of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any ccIIV of any valency or any component of ccIIV4 is a contraindication to future use of ccIIV4. For RIV4, history of a severe allergic reaction (e.g., anaphylaxis) to any RIV of any valency or any component of RIV4 is a contraindication to future use of RIV4. This report focuses on recommendations for the use of vaccines for the prevention and control of seasonal influenza during the 2021-22 influenza season in the United States. A brief summary of the recommendations and a link to the most recent Background Document containing additional information are available at https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/vacc-specific/flu.html. These recommendations apply to U.S.-licensed influenza vaccines used according to Food and Drug Administration-licensed indications. Updates and other information are available from CDC's influenza website (https://www.cdc.gov/flu); vaccination and health care providers should check this site periodically for additional information.

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Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2020-21 Influenza Season.

ContextAlthough the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination
are well established for persons aged 65 years or older, the benefits for
healthy adults younger than 65 years are less clear.ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccine
in preventing influenzalike illness (ILI) and reducing societal costs of ILI
among healthy working adults.DesignDouble-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during
2 influenza seasons.Setting and ParticipantsHealthy adults aged 18 to 64 years and employed full-time by a US manufacturing
company (for 1997-1998 season, n = 1184; for 1998-1999 season, n = 1191).InterventionsFor each season, participants were randomly assigned to receive either
trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (n = 595 in 1997-1998 and n = 587
in 1998-1999) or sterile saline injection (placebo; n = 589 in 1997-1998 and
n = 604 in 1998-1999). Participants in 1997-1998 were rerandomized if they
participated in 1998-1999.Main Outcome MeasuresInfluenzalike illnesses and associated physician visits and work absenteeism
reported in biweekly questionnaires by all participants, and serologically
confirmed influenza illness among 23% of participants in each year (n = 275
in 1997-1998; n = 278 in 1998-1999); societal cost of ILI per vaccinated vs
unvaccinated person.ResultsFor 1997-1998 and 1998-1999, respectively, 95% (1130/1184) and 99% (1178/1191)
of participants had complete follow-up, and 23% in each year had serologic
testing. In 1997-1998, when the vaccine virus differed from the predominant
circulating viruses, vaccine efficacy against serologically confirmed influenza
illness was 50% (P = .33). In this season, vaccination
did not reduce ILI, physician visits, or lost workdays; the net societal cost
was $65.59 per person compared with no vaccination. In 1998-1999, the vaccine
and predominant circulating viruses were well matched. Vaccine efficacy was
86% (P = .001), and vaccination reduced ILI, physician
visits, and lost workdays by 34%, 42%, and 32%, respectively. However, vaccination
resulted in a net societal cost of $11.17 per person compared with no vaccination.ConclusionInfluenza vaccination of healthy working adults younger than 65 years
can reduce the rates of ILI, lost workdays, and physician visits during years
when the vaccine and circulating viruses are similar, but vaccination may
not provide overall economic benefits in most years.

/pdf/effectiveness-and-cost-benefit-of-influenza-vaccination-of-4gg5yepnis.pdf

Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults: a randomized controlled trial

Context Although the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccinationare well established for persons aged 65 years or older, the benefits for healthy adultsyounger than 65 years are less clear.Objective Toevaluatetheeffectivenessandcost-benefitofinfluenzavaccineinpre-ventinginfluenzalikeillness(ILI)andreducingsocietalcostsofILIamonghealthywork-ing adults.Design Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted during 2 in-fluenza seasons.Setting and Participants Healthy adults aged 18 to 64 years and employed full-time by a US manufacturing company (for 1997-1998 season, n=1184; for 1998-1999 season, n=1191).Interventions For each season, participants were randomly assigned to receive ei-thertrivalentinactivatedinfluenzavaccine(n=595in1997-1998andn=587in1998-1999)orsterilesalineinjection(placebo;n=589in1997-1998andn=604in1998-1999).Participants in 1997-1998 were rerandomized if they participated in 1998-1999.Main Outcome Measures Influenzalike illnesses and associated physician visits andwork absenteeism reported in biweekly questionnaires by all participants, and serologi-callyconfirmedinfluenzaillnessamong23%ofparticipantsineachyear(n=275in1997-1998; n=278 in 1998-1999); societal cost of ILI per vaccinated vs unvaccinated person.Results For 1997-1998 and 1998-1999, respectively, 95% (1130/1184) and 99%(1178/1191) of participants had complete follow-up, and 23% in each year had se-rologic testing. In 1997-1998, when the vaccine virus differed from the predominantcirculatingviruses,vaccineefficacyagainstserologicallyconfirmedinfluenzaillnesswas50% (

Heather A. Lilac

Papers

Effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination of healthy working adults: a randomized controlled trial

Effectiveness and Cost-Benefit of Influenza Vaccination of Healthy Working Adults