Research on the relation between attitude and behavior is examined in light of the correspondence between attitudinal and behavioral entities. Such entities are defined by their target, action, context, and time elements. A review of available empirical research supports the contention that strong attitude-behavior relations dre obtained only under high correspondence between at least the target and action elements of the attitudinal and behavioral entities. This conclusion is compared with the rather pessimistic assessment of the utility of the attitude concept found in much contemporary social psychological literature.

/pdf/attitude-behavior-relations-a-theoretical-analysis-and-2wr3erzb6j.pdf

Attitude-behavior relations: A theoretical analysis and review of empirical research.

Past analysis of social movements and social movement organizations has normally assumed a close link between the frustrations or grievances of a collectivity of actors and the growth and decline of movement activity. Questioning the theoretical centrality of this assumption directs social movement analysis away from its heavy emphasis upon the social psychology of social movement participants; it can then be more easily integrated with structural theories of social process. This essay presents a set of concepts and related propositions drawn from a resource mobilization perspective. It emphasizes the variety and sources of resources; the relationship of social movements to the media, authorities, and other parties; and the interaction among movement organizations. Propositions are developed to explain social movement activity at several levels of inclusiveness-the social movement sector, the social movement industry, and social movement organization.

Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory

Research on framing is characterized by theoretical and empirical vagueness. This is due, in part, to the lack of a commonly shared theoretical model underlying framing research. Conceptual problems translate into operational problems, limiting the comparability of instruments and results. In this paper I systematize the fragmented approaches to framing in political communication and integrate them into a comprehensive model. I classify previous approaches to framing research along two dimensions: the type of frame examined (media frames vs. audience frames) and the way frames are operationalized (independent variable or dependent variable). I develop a process model of framing, identifying four key processes that should be addressed in future research: frame building, frame setting, individual-level processes of framing, and a feedback loop from audiences to journalists.

/pdf/framing-as-a-theory-of-media-effects-2r7ssng9hs.pdf

Framing as a theory of media effects

Part I. Understanding Secularization: 1. The secularization debate 2. Measuring secularization 3. Comparing secularization worldwide Part II. Case Studies of Religion and Politics: 4. The puzzle of secularization in the United States and Western Europe 5. A religious revival in post-communist Europe? 6. Religion and politics in the Muslim world Part III. The Consequences of Secularization: 7. Religion, the Protestant ethic, and moral values 8. Religious organizations and social capital 9. Religious parties and electoral behavior Part IV. Conclusions: 10. Secularization and its consequences 11. Re-examining the theory of existential security 12. Re-examining evidence for the security thesis.

/pdf/sacred-and-secular-religion-and-politics-worldwide-4cxl4gjg3t.pdf

Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide

Gordon Allport (1954) has described the attitude concept as "the primary building stone in the edifice of social psychology [p. 45]," and the extensive attitude literature in the past 20 years supports this contention. Stimulated primarily by the cognitive consistency theories, thousands of pages have been written recently on attitude formation and change. One possible reason for the popularity of the attitude concept is that social psychologists have assumed that attitudes have something to do with social behavior. Cohen (1964), in the concluding chapter of his book. Attitude Change and Social Influence, states:

/pdf/attitudes-versus-actions-the-relationship-of-verbal-and-3f77m6h4sd.pdf

Attitudes Versus Actions: The Relationship of Verbal and Overt Behavioral Responses to Attitude Objects.

IN MODERN PLURALISTIC POLITICAL SYSTEMS, the legislature is a central forum where organized interest groups articulate and express their views and press for public action favorable to their concerns. Indeed, the free representation of interests crucially affects the legitimacy of modern democratic legislatures. If interest groups were removed or prevented from influencing legislative action, the authority of the legislature would be put in jeopardy and its decisions would be found unacceptable. Yet in spite of the critical importance of the relationship between interest groups and law-making institutions, research offers surprisingly little theoretical explanation and few cumulative or comparative empirical data about this phase of the representative process.' Most case studies of pressure groups do little more than describe the qualities, properties or activities of some of the pressuring

American State Legislators' Role Orientations Toward Pressure Groups

Class and party in the Eisenhower years

T HE ACTIVITIES OF AMERICAN interest groups have only recently become a subject for systematic inquiry-in contrast to the spate of earlier descriptive case studies. As a result, there has been remarkably little cumulative knowledge about the components of group influence on policy outcomes.' This hiatus is unfortunate in light of the claims which have been made about the role that interest groups play in a democracy. It has been argued that associational activity is at least as important as the vote, in providing a vehicle for civic participation. It is assumed, furthermore, that the whole process of claims-presentation and the way in which claims are processed by policy-makers carries implications for the legitimacy of public decisions.2 A specification of the conditions for group "success" thus seems crucial for understanding or evaluating the

City Councilmen and the Group Struggle: A Typology of Role Orientations

The American Voter. By A. Campbell, P. Converse, W. Miller, and D. Stokes. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1960. Pp. viii, 573. $8.50.)

Piecing together the editor’s instructions, my assignment was to write a capstone essay offering a broad perspective on microanalytic views of decision-making from the point of view of political science, taking into account the substantive, theoretical, and methodological problems which political science faces in its attempt to develop more fully the interdisciplinary study of decision-making. While building from and commenting on the essays preceding my own, I was not precluded from briefly addressing the problem of micro-macro linkages. Having now diligently read the essays in this symposium and caught up in reading some other

Heinz Eulau

Papers

American State Legislators' Role Orientations Toward Pressure Groups

Class and party in the Eisenhower years

City Councilmen and the Group Struggle: A Typology of Role Orientations

The American Voter. By A. Campbell, P. Converse, W. Miller, and D. Stokes. (New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.1960. Pp. viii, 573. $8.50.)

Problematics of Decisional Models in Political Contexts