https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/gump/IL/Chem.%20Rev.%201999,%2099,%202071.pdf

Room-Temperature Ionic Liquids. Solvents for Synthesis and Catalysis

Ionic liquids are salts that are liquid at low temperature (<100 degrees C) which represent a new class of solvents with nonmolecular, ionic character. Even though the first representative has been known since 1914, ionic liquids have only been investigated as solvents for transition metal catalysis in the past ten years. Publications to date show that replacing an organic solvent by an ionic liquid can lead to remarkable improvements in well-known processes. Ionic liquids form biphasic systems with many organic product mixtures. This gives rise to the possibility of a multiphase reaction procedure with easy isolation and recovery of homogeneous catalysts. In addition, ionic liquids have practically no vapor pressure which facilitates product separation by distillation. There are also indications that switching from a normal organic solvent to an ionic liquid can lead to novel and unusual chemical reactivity. This opens up a wide field for future investigations into this new class of solvents in catalytic applications.

Ionic Liquids-New "Solutions" for Transition Metal Catalysis.

Protic Ionic Liquids: Properties and Applications

Ionic liquids (ILs), considered to be a relatively recent magical chemical due their unique properties, have a large variety of applications in all areas of the chemical industries. The areas of application include electrolyte in batteries, lubricants, plasticizers, solvents and catalysis in synthesis, matrices for mass spectroscopy, solvents to manufacture nano-materials, extraction, gas absorption agents, etc. Non-volatility and non-flammability are their common characteristics giving them an advantageous edge in various applications. This common advantage, when considered with the possibility of tuning the chemical and physical properties of ILs by changing anion–cation combination is a great opportunity to obtain task-specific ILs for a multitude of specific applications. There are numerous studies in the related literature concerning the unique properties, preparation methods, and different applications of ILs in the literature. In this review, a general description of ILs and historical background are given; basic properties of ILs such as solvent properties, polarity, toxicology, air and moisture stability are discussed; structure of ILs, cation, anion types and synthesis methods in the related literature are briefly summarized. However, the main focus of this paper is how ILs may be used in the chemicals processing industries. Thus, the main application areas are searched and the basic applications such as solvent replacement, purification of gases, homogenous and heterogeneous catalysis, biological reactions media and removal of metal ions are discussed in detail. Not only the advantages of ILs but also the essential challenges and potentials for using ILs in the chemical industries are also addressed. ILs have become the partner of scCO 2 in many applications and most of the reported studies in the literature focus on the interaction of these two green solvents, i.e. ILs and scCO 2 . The chemistry of the ILs has been reviewed in numerous papers earlier. Therefore, the major purpose of this review paper is to provide an overview for the specific chemical and physical properties of ILs and to investigate IL–scCO 2 systems in some detail. Recovery of solutes from ILs with CO 2 , separation of ILs from organic solvents by CO 2 , high-pressure phase behavior of IL–scCO 2 systems, solubility of ILs in CO 2 phase, and the interaction of the IL–scCO 2 system at molecular level are also included.

A review of ionic liquids towards supercritical fluid applications

Henry Wilkins

Papers

CLXVII.—The parachor and chemical constitution. Part XII. Fused metals and salts

CCIII.—The parachor and chemical constitution. Part I. Polar and non-polar valencies in unsaturated compounds

CCCXLVII.—The parachor and chemical constitution. Part III. Orientation isomerism in aromatic compounds

XXIII.—The parachor and chemical constitution. Part IV. Three-membered and four-membered rings

XIX.—The parachor and chemical constitution. Part XVI. Silicon compounds