This paper summarizes the state of the art in connected vehicles—from the need for vehicle data and applications thereof, to enabling technologies, challenges, and identified opportunities. Connectivity is increasing around the world and its expansion to vehicles is no exception. With improvements in connectivity, sensing, and computation, the future will see vehicles used as development platforms capable of generating rich data, acting based on inference, and effecting great change in transportation, the human-vehicle dynamic, the environment, and the economy. Connected vehicle technologies have already been used to improve fleet safety and efficiency, with emerging technologies additionally allowing data to be used to inform aspects of vehicle design, ownership, and use. While the demand for connected vehicles and its enabling technology has progressed significantly in recent years, there remain challenges to connected and collaborative vehicle application deployment before the full potential of connected cars may be realized. From extensibility and scalability to privacy and security, this paper informs the reader about key enabling technologies, opportunities, and challenges in the connected vehicle landscape.

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A Survey of the Connected Vehicle Landscape—Architectures, Enabling Technologies, Applications, and Development Areas

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) are seen as the key enabling technology of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). In addition to safety, VANETs also provide a cost-effective platform for numerous comfort and entertainment applications. A pragmatic solution of VANETs requires synergistic efforts in multidisciplinary areas of communication standards, routings, security and trust. Furthermore, a realistic VANET simulator is required for performance evaluation. There have been many research efforts in these areas, and consequently, a number of surveys have been published on various aspects. In this article, we first explain the key characteristics of VANETs, then provide a meta-survey of research works. We take a tutorial approach to introducing VANETs and gradually discuss intricate details. Extensive listings of existing surveys and research projects have been provided to assess development efforts. The article is useful for researchers to look at the big picture and channel their efforts in an effective way.

How Close are We to Realizing a Pragmatic VANET Solution? A Meta-Survey

This paper proposes a novel three-dimensional (3D) theoretical regular-shaped geometry-based stochastic model (RS-GBSM) and the corresponding sum-of-sinusoids (SoS) simulation model for non-isotropic multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) Ricean fading channels. The proposed RS-GBSM, combining line-of-sight (LoS) components, a two-sphere model, and an elliptic-cylinder model, has the ability to study the impact of the vehicular traffic density (VTD) on channel statistics, and jointly considers the azimuth and elevation angles by using the von Mises Fisher distribution. Moreover, a novel parameter computation method is proposed for jointly calculating the azimuth and elevation angles in the SoS channel simulator. Based on the proposed 3D theoretical RS-GBSM and its SoS simulation model, statistical properties are derived and thoroughly investigated. The impact of the elevation angle in the 3D model on key statistical properties is investigated by comparing with those of the corresponding two-dimensional (2D) model. It is demonstrated that the 3D model is more accurate to characterize real V2V channels, in particular for pico cell scenarios. Finally, close agreement is achieved between the theoretical model, SoS simulation model, and simulation results, demonstrating the utility of the proposed models.

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Novel 3D Geometry-Based Stochastic Models for Non-Isotropic MIMO Vehicle-to-Vehicle Channels

Bee life-based multi constraints multicast routing optimization for vehicular ad hoc networks

Towards Secure and Practical Consensus for Blockchain based VANET

Most Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) network protocols are evaluated by simulation. However in most network simulators, the physical layer suffers from a lack of realism. Therefore, realistic V2V channel modeling has become a crucial issue in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) networks. V2V channels are known to exhibit specific features which imply the design of new simulation models. In this survey paper, we first recall the main physical features of such wireless time and frequency dispersive channels. Next, three “simulation-ready” V2V channel models found in the literature are reviewed. Finally, two complete VANET simulation frameworks are presented. They illustrate the importance of a realistic channel and physical layer modeling in vehicular networking.

/pdf/a-survey-of-v2v-channel-modeling-for-vanet-simulations-1ma4beqokm.pdf

A survey of V2V channel modeling for VANET simulations

In this paper we evaluate V-AODV a version of AODV (Ad-hoc On-demand Distance Vector) especially created for Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) V-AODV is designed to run with a complex cross layered metric based on both delay from node to node and Bit Error Rate (BER) coming from the physical layer We conducted simulations with the NS2 simulator taking in account a realistic environment tool called Communication Ray Tracer (CRT) Our results show that the basic propagation models usually in use with NS2 are not suitable for VANETs simulations We also show that when using a routing metric based on delay and BER, the first parameter is more relevant in terms of QoS than the second one

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00476738/document

An enhanced AODV protocol for VANETs with realistic radio propagation model validation

In this paper, we propose a joint source channel coding (JSCC) scheme to the transmission of fixed images for wireless communication applications. The ionospheric channel which presents some characteristics identical to those found on mobile radio channels, like fading, multipath and Doppler effect is our test channel. As this method based on a wavelet transform, a self-organising map (SOM) vector quantization (VQ) optimally mapped on a QAM digital modulation and an unequal error protection (UEP) strategy, this method is particularly well adapted to low bit-rate applications. The compression process consists in applying a SOM VQ on the discrete wavelet transform coefficients and computing several codebooks depending on the sub-images preserved. An UEP is achieved with a correcting code applied on the most significant data. The JSCC consists of an optimal mapping of the VQ codebook vectors on a high spectral efficiency digital modulation. This feature allows preserving the topological organization of the codebook along the transmission chain while keeping a reduced complexity system. This method applied on grey level images can be used for colour images as well. Several tests of transmission for different images have shown the robustness of this method even for high bit error rate (BER>10^-^2). In order to qualify the quality of the image after transmission, we use a PSNR% (peak signal-to-noise ratio) parameter which is the value of the difference of the PSNR after compression at the transmitter and after reception at the receiver. This parameter clearly shows that 95% of the PSNR is preserved when the BER is less than 10^-^2.

A robust joint source channel coding scheme for image transmission over the ionospheric channel

Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) is a commonly used routing protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc NETworks (VANET) This paper presents and analyzes several AODV enhancements propositions dedicated to the VANET context Communication protocol tuning can yield significant gains in energy efficiency, resource requirement, and overall network performance, all of which is of particular importance in VANETs Alternatively, multipath routing allows the establishment of multiple paths between a pair of source and destination nodes in mobile ad hoc networks It has recently received more and more attention and is typically proposed to increase the reliability of data transmission This paper shows how AODV tuning and multipath routing behave under realistic VANET simulations

AODV enhancements in a realistic VANET context

In this paper we propose a semi-deterministic channel propagation model for VANETs (Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks) called UM-CRT. It is based on CRT (Communication Ray Tracer) and SCME-UM (Spatial Channel Model Extended - Urban Micro) which are respectively a deterministic channel simulator and a statistical channel model. It uses a process which adjusts the SCME-UM model using relevant parameters extracted from CRT. In order to evaluate this new model, we incorporate it into the NS-2 network simulator. Our results show that UM-CRT is adapted to VANETs simulations as it approximates in a realistic manner channel propagation mechanisms while improving simulation time.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00658982/document

Hervé Boeglen

Papers

A survey of V2V channel modeling for VANET simulations

An enhanced AODV protocol for VANETs with realistic radio propagation model validation

A robust joint source channel coding scheme for image transmission over the ionospheric channel

AODV enhancements in a realistic VANET context

A semi-deterministic channel model for VANETs simulations