This article presents an overview of the developments in stainless steels made since the 1990s. Some of the new applications that involve the use of stainless steel are also introduced. A brief introduction to the various classes of stainless steels, their precipitate phases and the status quo of their production around the globe is given first. The advances in a variety of subject areas that have been made recently will then be presented. These recent advances include (1) new findings on the various precipitate phases (the new J phase, new orientation relationships, new phase diagram for the Fe–Cr system, etc.); (2) new suggestions for the prevention/mitigation of the different problems and new methods for their detection/measurement and (3) new techniques for surface/bulk property enhancement (such as laser shot peening, grain boundary engineering and grain refinement). Recent developments in topics like phase prediction, stacking fault energy, superplasticity, metadynamic recrystallisation and the calculation of mechanical properties are introduced, too. In the end of this article, several new applications that involve the use of stainless steels are presented. Some of these are the use of austenitic stainless steels for signature authentication (magnetic recording), the utilisation of the cryogenic magnetic transition of the sigma phase for hot spot detection (the Sigmaplugs), the new Pt-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) coronary stents and stainless steel stents that may be used for magnetic drug targeting. Besides recent developments in conventional stainless steels, those in the high-nitrogen, low-Ni (or Ni-free) varieties are also introduced. These recent developments include new methods for attaining very high nitrogen contents, new guidelines for alloy design, the merits/demerits associated with high nitrogen contents, etc.

Recent developments in stainless steels

This invention uses large surface to volume ratio materials for separation, release layer, and sacrificial material applications. The invention outlines the material concept, application designs, and fabrication methodologies. The invention is demonstrated using deposited column/void network materials as examples of large surface to volume ratio materials. In a number of the specific applications discussed, it is shown that it is advantageous to create structures on a laminate on a mother substrate and then, using the separation layer material approach, to separate this laminate from the mother substrate using the present separation scheme. It is also shown that the present materials have excellent release layer utility. In a number of applications it is also shown how the approach can be used to uniquely form cavities, channels, air-gaps, and related structures in or on various substrates. Further, it is demonstrated that it also can be possible and advantageous to combine the schemes for cavity formation with the scheme for laminate separation.

Deposited thin films and their use in separation and sarcrificial layer applications

The invention relates to methods for preparing a removable system on a mother substrate. The method deposits a high surface to volume sacrificial layer on a mother substrate and stabilizes the sacrificial layer by a) removing volatile chemical species in and on the sacrificial layer and/or b) modifying the surface of the layer. The method coats over the sacrificial layer with a capping medium. A system is the fabricated on the capping medium. The method provides through holes to access the sacrificial layer. The method may also apply a top layer onto the system to form a covered system. The invention also includes the step of removing the sacrificial layer to release the system from the mother substrate. Methods of the invention also include selectively removing a portion of the system and capping layers to form void regions defining an array of islands composed of device, structure, or system and capping layer regions, and optionally filling the island-defining void region with a sacrificial material. In such methods the sacrificial material and the high surface to volume sacrificial layer are removed to release the system from the mother substrate. Methods of the invention also include applying a layer to the capping material side of the released system to form a configuration wherein the system is substantially within a bending-stress reduced neutral plane. The systems fabricated according to the invention may be placed on a wide variety of suitable substrates, including flexible substrates.

Use of sacrificial layers in the manufacture of high performance systems on tailored substrates

Compounds of formula (I) or salts, N-oxides, hydrates or solvates thereof are inhibitors of kinase activity, and useful for the treatment of, for example, cancer, psoriasis or restenosis: wherein ring A is an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic radical. Alk represents an optionally substituted divalent Cl-C6 alkylene radical. n is 0 or 1. Q represents a radical of formula -(Alk1)P (X)r-(Alk2)S -Z wherein in any compatible combination Z is hydrogen or an optionally substituted carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring; Alk1 and Alk2 are optionally substituted divalent C1-C6 alkylene radicals which may contain a -0-, -S- or -NR Al link, wherein RA is hydrogen or Cl-C6 alkyl; X represents -0-, -S-, -(C=O)-, -(C=S)-, -SO2-, -SO-, -C(=O)O-, -OC(=O)-, -C(=O)NRA-, -NR AC(=O)-, -C(=S)NRA-, -NR AC(=S)-, - SO2NRA-, -NR ASO2-, -OC(=O)NRA-, -NR AC(=O)O-, or -NRA- wherein RA is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl. p, r and s are independently 0 or 1. R1 represents a radical -(Alk3)a-(Y)b-(Alk4)d-B wherein a, b and d are independently 0 or 1; Alk3 and Alk4 are optionally substituted divalent C,-C3 alkylene radicals; Y represents a monocyclic divalent carbocyclic or heterocyclic radical having from 5 to 8 ring atoms, -0-, -S-, or -NRA- wherein RA is hydrogen or C1-C6 alkyl; B represents hydrogen or halo, or an optionally substituted monocyclic carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring having from 5 to 8 ring atoms, or in the case where Y is -NRA- and b is 1, then RA and the radical -(Alk4)d-B taken together with the nitrogen to which they are attached may form an optionally substituted heterocyclic ring. R represents hydrogen, halo, Cl-C6 alkyl, Cl-C6 alkoxy, C1-C6 alkylthio, phenyl, benzyl, cycloalkyl with 3 to 6 ring atoms, or a monocyclic heterocyclic group having 5 or 6 ring atoms.

Pyrazolopyrimidine compounds and their use in medicine

Chemical bonding at the Fe/TiX (X = C, N or O) interfaces

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/tetsutohagane1955/76/11/76_11_2033/_pdf

Analysis of the Scrap Melting Rate in High Carbon Molten Iron

Analysis of the Rate of Crystallization and Precipitation of MnS in the Resulphurized Free-cutting Steel

Development of soft reduction technology using crown rolls for improvement of centerline segregation of continuously cast bloom

Refining of the solidification structure of Type 430 stainless steel by the electromagnetic stirring was studied. By the preliminary tests for small ingots, it was made clear that the following conditions must be satisfied for a preferably equiaxed solidification:1) the formation of sufficient fragments of solidified steel which act as nuclei, and2) the stability of nuclei in the molten pool.A pair of linear-motor type stirrers was set in the slab machine and Type 430 steels were treated by the electromagnetic stirring under various conditions of stirring powers, stirring modes and superheats of liquid steels. By controlling these conditions, the formation of equiaxed structure having the thickness more than 50% of slab was realized and the ridging of cold sheet was improved.

Hirobumi Maede

Papers

Analysis of the Scrap Melting Rate in High Carbon Molten Iron

Analysis of the Rate of Crystallization and Precipitation of MnS in the Resulphurized Free-cutting Steel

Development of soft reduction technology using crown rolls for improvement of centerline segregation of continuously cast bloom

Refining of Solidification Structures of Continuously Cast Type 430 Stainless Steel Slabs by Electromagnetic Stirring

Improving Solidification Structure of Continuously Cast Steel by Electromagnetic Stirring