Jump relaxation in solid electrolytes

Cysteine Proteases and Their Inhibitors.

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with varied morphological appearances, molecular features, behavior, and response to therapy. Current routine clinical management of breast cancer relies on the availability of robust clinical and pathological prognostic and predictive factors to support clinical and patient decision making in which potentially suitable treatment options are increasingly available. One of the best-established prognostic factors in breast cancer is histological grade, which represents the morphological assessment of tumor biological characteristics and has been shown to be able to generate important information related to the clinical behavior of breast cancers. Genome-wide microarray-based expression profiling studies have unraveled several characteristics of breast cancer biology and have provided further evidence that the biological features captured by histological grade are important in determining tumor behavior. Also, expression profiling studies have generated clinically useful data that have significantly improved our understanding of the biology of breast cancer, and these studies are undergoing evaluation as improved prognostic and predictive tools in clinical practice. Clinical acceptance of these molecular assays will require them to be more than expensive surrogates of established traditional factors such as histological grade. It is essential that they provide additional prognostic or predictive information above and beyond that offered by current parameters. Here, we present an analysis of the validity of histological grade as a prognostic factor and a consensus view on the significance of histological grade and its role in breast cancer classification and staging systems in this era of emerging clinical use of molecular classifiers.

Breast cancer prognostic classification in the molecular era: the role of histological grade

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Hidden states of matter may be created if a system out of equilibrium follows a trajectory to a state that is inaccessible or does not exist under normal equilibrium conditions We found such a hidden (H) electronic state in a layered dichalcogenide crystal of 1T-TaS2 (the trigonal phase of tantalum disulfide) reached as a result of a quench caused by a single 35-femtosecond laser pulse In comparison to other states of the system, the H state exhibits a large drop of electrical resistance, strongly modified single-particle and collective-mode spectra, and a marked change of optical reflectivity The H state is stable until a laser pulse, electrical current, or thermal erase procedure is applied, causing it to revert to the thermodynamic ground state

Ultrafast Switching to a Stable Hidden Quantum State in an Electronic Crystal

The characteristics of cation diffusion and ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes are discussed using β‐ and β″‐alumina as examples. The problem is characterized by a cation migration by the vacancy mechanism in a “cation‐disordered phase,” a system in which the number of available vacant sites is of the same order of magnitude as the number of diffusing cations. The path probability method is used to derive both the tracer diffusion and the ionic conductivity; this method avoids the difficulties connected with the application of the ordinary random walk approach to such systems. β″‐Alumina is regarded as an example of the “cation‐disordered phases” in which all available cation sites are equivalent, while β‐alumina represents those in which available cation sites are divided into several nonequivalent sublattice sites. When the derived diffusion coefficient is interpreted using the language of the conventional random walk approach, the jump frequency of cations is found to include two factors, the vac...

Cation Diffusion and Conductivity in Solid Electrolytes. I

A general treatment of the atomic diffusion in alloys is given using the path probability method with an approximation taking a pair of lattice points as the basic cluster. Diffusion coefficients for ternary alloys for any degree of order by vacancy mechanism are given. The equations are then simplified by regarding the third atomic species as the isotope of the second atomic species. The theory then gives the isotope diffusion coefficient in binary alloys as functions of the degree of order and of the composition; this diffusion coefficient corresponds directly to the experimental results, and they are compared. The specific importance of the correlation effect in the multicomponent system is emphasized. The calculation of the required physical quantities, the degree of long‐range order, short‐range order, the distribution of the vacancies, etc., in the equilibrium state in ternary alloys with vacancies are also given in the Appendices.

Substitutional Diffusion in an Ordered System

CENP-A is a centromere-specific histone H3 variant that is essential for kinetochore formation. Here, we report that the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe has at least two distinct CENP-A deposition phases across the cell cycle: S and G2. The S phase deposition requires Ams2 GATA factor, which promotes histone gene activation. In Δams2, CENP-A fails to retain during S, but it reaccumulates onto centromeres via the G2 deposition pathway, which is down-regulated by Hip1, a homologue of HIRA histone chaperon. Reducing the length of G2 in Δams2 results in failure of CENP-A accumulation, leading to chromosome missegregation. N-terminal green fluorescent protein-tagging reduces the centromeric association of CENP-A, causing cell death in Δams2 but not in wild-type cells, suggesting that the N-terminal tail of CENP-A may play a pivotal role in the formation of centromeric nucleosomes at G2. These observations imply that CENP-A is normally localized to centromeres in S phase in an Ams2-dependent manner and that the G2 pathway may salvage CENP-A assembly to promote genome stability. The flexibility of CENP-A incorporation during the cell cycle may account for the plasticity of kinetochore formation when the authentic centromere is damaged.

Biphasic Incorporation of Centromeric Histone CENP-A in Fission Yeast

This paper constitutes Paper II of the series and presents theoretical analysis and supplements the results shown in Paper I. Equilibrium properties of the layer in which Na ions exist in β‐ and β″‐alumina are analyzed using the cluster variation method. Diffusion coefficients and ionic conductivities of Na ions in these two substances are derived using the path probability method.

Cation Diffusion and Conductivity in Solid Electrolytes. II. Mathematical Analyses

The correlation factor is defined and derived by the path probability method of substitutional atomic diffusion (the vacancy mechanism) in binary alloys. The correlation factor thus defined is shown to be the same as that derived by the traditional random‐walk approach in all cases where the latter approach is capable of calculating the factor, namely in self‐diffusion, in impurity diffusion, and in randomly disordered alloys (excluding the nonpercolating limit in the last case). The calculation of the correlation factor is further extended by the path probability method to disordered and ordered alloys of arbitrary composition and arbitrary temperature. The relation of the present problem with the percolation problem is also discussed.

Hiroshi Sato

Papers

Cation Diffusion and Conductivity in Solid Electrolytes. I

Substitutional Diffusion in an Ordered System

Biphasic Incorporation of Centromeric Histone CENP-A in Fission Yeast

Cation Diffusion and Conductivity in Solid Electrolytes. II. Mathematical Analyses

Correlation Factor in Substitutional Diffusion in Binary Alloys