Objective comparisons of electrocatalyst activity and stability using standard methods under identical conditions are necessary to evaluate the viability of existing electrocatalysts for integration into solar-fuel devices as well as to help inform the development of new catalytic systems. Herein, we use a standard protocol as a primary screen for evaluating the activity, short-term (2 h) stability, and electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of 18 electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 26 electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) under conditions relevant to an integrated solar water-splitting device in aqueous acidic or alkaline solution. Our primary figure of merit is the overpotential necessary to achieve a magnitude current density of 10 mA cm–2 per geometric area, the approximate current density expected for a 10% efficient solar-to-fuels conversion device under 1 sun illumination. The specific activity per ECSA of each material is also reported. Among HER...

Benchmarking Hydrogen Evolving Reaction and Oxygen Evolving Reaction Electrocatalysts for Solar Water Splitting Devices

Recent advances in perfluorinated ionomer membranes : structure, properties and applications

Electrosynthesis has much to offer to the synthetic organic chemist. But in order to be widely accepted as a routine procedure in an organic synthesis laboratory, electrosynthesis needs to be presented in a much more user-friendly way. The literature is largely based on electrolysis in a glass beaker or H-cells that often give poor performance for synthesis with a very slow rate of conversion and, often, low selectivity and reproducibility. Flow cells can lead to much improved performance. Electrolysis is participating in the trend toward continuous flow synthesis, and this has led to a number of innovations in flow cell design that make possible selective syntheses with high conversion of reactant to product with a single passage of the reactant solution through the cell. In addition, the needs of the synthetic organic chemist can often be met by flow cells operating with recycle of the reactant solution. These cells give a high rate of product formation while the reactant concentration is high, but they...

Flow Electrolysis Cells for the Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1224480.pdf

Membrane electrolysis—History, current status and perspective

Carboxylic acids can be decarboxylated by anodic oxidation to radicals (Kolbe-electrolysis) and/or carbocations (non-Kolbe electrolysis). The procedure and necessary equipment is simple, a scale-up easy, the choice of carboxylic acids wide, the selectivity towards radicals or carbocations can be controlled by reaction conditions and the structure of the carboxylic acid, the yields are in general good. The radical pathway can be used for the preparation of e.g. 1,n-diesters, pheromones, or rare fatty acids. Electrolysis in the presence of olefins affords additive dimers and monomers or by intramolecular addition five membered carbocycles and heterocycles. By non-Kolbe electrolysis carboxylic acids can be converted into ethers, acetals, olefins or acetamides. Rearrangements and fragmentations lead to stereospecifically substituted cyclopentanoids and one- or four-carbon ring extensions.

Recent Contributions of Kolbe Electrolysis to Organic Synthesis

Application of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) method to organic electrochemistry—III. Kolbe type reactions on Pt-SPE

The relation between catalytic ability for hydrogen evolution reaction and characteristics of nickel-tin alloys prepared by electroplating was investigated. The catalytic ability was found to strongly depend on preparation conditions. Hydrogen overvoltage was drastically decreased with an increase of the width at half height of x-ray diffraction peaks which was related to the tin content. The nickel-arsenide-type structure and the initial high catalytic ability remained unchanged after an 800 day durability test, suggesting that the addition of the specific amount of tin, which itself had high overvoltage, enhanced the catalytic ability of nickel

The Relation Between Catalytic Ability for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Characteristics of Nickel‐Tin Alloys

Disclosed is a cathode comprising an active layer composed of a nickel/tin alloy having a nickel content of 25 to 99% by weight, which is formed on the surface of an electrically conductive electrode substrate. When this cathode is used for generating hydrogen by the electrolysis, the hydrogen overvoltage is controlled to a very low level. This active layer is formed by co-electro-deposition of Ni and Sn from a plating solution containing Ni and Sn ions or by thermal decomposition of a mixture containing a nickel compound and a tin compound.

Ni/Sn cathode having reduced hydrogen overvoltage

Preparation of Li2B4O7 thin films by sol-gel method

A tin oxide fiber expressed by the general formula Sn.sub.(1-y) Z.sub.y O.sub.2 (I) wherein Z is a metal element of the Group V of the periodic table, and y is 0 to 0.3, having a diameter which is greater than 1 μm or having a length which is greater than 3 mm and having an aspect ratio which is greater than 10. This fiber is process for producing a tin oxide fiber comprising spinning an alcohol solution of a tin compound soluble in alcohol, or spinning an alcohol solution of said tin compound and a compound of a metal of the Group V of the periodic table that is soluble in alcohol, followed by heating.

Hiroya Yamashita

Papers

Application of the solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) method to organic electrochemistry—III. Kolbe type reactions on Pt-SPE

The Relation Between Catalytic Ability for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction and Characteristics of Nickel‐Tin Alloys

Ni/Sn cathode having reduced hydrogen overvoltage

Preparation of Li2B4O7 thin films by sol-gel method

Tin oxide fiber and a process for producing the same