Segregation engineering enables nanoscale martensite to austenite phase transformation at grain boundaries: A pathway to ductile martensite

An image-forming device has a plurality of cylindrical image-carrying members, and an optical scanning unit. The plurality of cylindrical image-carrying members is provided in a main casing for rotating about respective rotational axes. The rotational axes are parallel to one another and juxtaposed in a single direction. The optical scanning unit is provided in the main casing and has a plurality of laser generators, a single rotatable polygon mirror, a plurality of mirrors, and a plurality of lenses. The plurality of laser generators is provided one-to-one relationship to the plurality of image-carrying members to emit respective laser beams. The single rotatable polygon mirror deflects the respective laser beams to scan the respective image-carrying members therewith. The plurality of mirrors is provided one-to-one relationship to the plurality of image-carrying members to guide the respective laser beams along respective optical paths to the respective image-carrying members. The plurality of lenses is provided one-to-one relationship to the plurality of image-carrying members and provided in the respective optical paths and between the respective mirrors and the respective image-carrying members. Distances from the respective mirrors to the respective image-carrying members being equal to one another.

Image-forming device

Amount of retained austenite at room temperature after reverse transformation of martensite to austenite in an Fe–13%Cr–7%Ni–3%Si martensitic stainless steel

The reverse transformation mechanism of martensite to austenite and the volume fraction of retained austenite have been studied in an Fe-3Si-13Cr-7Ni (wt-%) martensitic stainless steel by means of dilatometry, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Below a heating rate of 10 K s-1, the reverse transformation of α' to γ occurs by diffusion, whereas it occurs by a diffusionless shear mechanism above 10 K s-1. After reversion treatment at low temperatures, filmlike retained austenite is observed along α' lath boundaries, while reversion treatment at high temperatures produces granular retained austenite inside the α' laths in addition to filmlike retained austenite. The volume fraction of retained austenite at room temperature increases with increasing reversion treatment temperature, exhibiting a maximum at ~625° C, above which it decreases with increasing reversion temperature.

Reverse transformation mechanism of martensite to austenite and amount of retained austenite after reverse transformation in Fe-3Si-13Cr-7Ni (wt-%) martensitic stainless steel

Precipitation hardenable martensitic stainless steel of high strength combined with high ductility. The Iron-based steel comprises of about 10 to 14% chromium, about 7 to 11% nickel, about 0.5 to 6% molybdenum, up to 9% cobalt, about 0.5% to 4% copper, about 0.4 to 1.4% titanium, about 0.05 to 0.6% aluminium, carbon and nitrogen not exceeding 0.05% with iron as the remainder and all other elements of the periodic table not exceeding 0.5%.

Precipitation hardenable martensitic stainless steel

PURPOSE: To provide a maraging steel of superior cold workability and high working accuracy osing transformation-induced plasticity, which is obtd. by cold working steel contg. limited amts. of No, Co, Mo, Ti, Al, C, etc. under specified conditions. COPYRIGHT: (C)1979,JPO&Japio

Maraging steel of superior cold workability using transformation-induced plasticity

PURPOSE: To improve the adhesiveness between a sputtering target and backing plate and to improve the cooling efficiency of the sputtering target by preliminarily forming a coating layer consisting of specific components on the bonding surface of the target prior to bonding. CONSTITUTION: This method prevents the deteriorated wettability of the target surface with solder by the formation of a thin oxidized layer on said surface at the time of bonding the sputtering target made of an alloy contg. ≥5wt% Cr and the backing plate by In solder using a flux. More specifically, the coating layer 2 consisting of any of Cu, Ni, Co, Sn, Pb, and Fe is formed in single or multiple layers on the bonding surface of the sputtering target prior to bonding. The adhesiveness between the target 1 and the backing plate 4 is improved by executing the bonding after the In solder 3 is interposed between the target 1 formed in such a manner and the backing plate 4. COPYRIGHT: (C)1988,JPO&Japio

Bonding method for sputtering target

α′→γ Reverse Transformation in an 18%Ni Maraging Steel

PURPOSE: To improve toughness, strength at high temp., and corrosion resistance by specifying respective contents of Ni, Cr, Mo, Ti, Co, Si, Mn, Al, C, and Fe. CONSTITUTION: This precipitation hardening-type high tensile steel has a composition consisting of, by weight, 5W15% Ni, 8W12% Cr, 0.5W6% Mo, 1W3% Ti, 2W9% Co, ≤0.1% Si, ≤0.1% Mn, ≤0.5% Al, ≤0.03% C, and the balance Fe. The above high tensile steel is on an ultra-high-strength level and has high toughness, strength at high temp., and corrosion resistance. COPYRIGHT: (C)1988,JPO&Japio

Precipitation hardening-type high tensile steel excellent in corrosion resistance

PURPOSE: To develop a high-strength soft magnetic material used for the rotor of an electric motor rotating at high speed and yet having low iron loss, by incorporating a specific amount of Ni, Cr, Mo, Al, and Ti to Fe. CONSTITUTION: The steel ingot consisting of, by weight, 8W20% Ni, 0.2W5.0% Mo, 0.1W2.0% Al, 0.1W1.0% Ti, 1.0W10% Cr, and the balance Fe is worked into a plate. The plate is subjected to soln. heat-treatment at 900°C for 1hr, mechanical working, and aging at 500°C for 3hr. The high-strength soft magnetic material for the rotor of an electric motor rotating at extremely high speed and yet having low iron loss can be obtained. COPYRIGHT: (C)1986,JPO&Japio

Hitoshi Nakamura

Papers

Maraging steel of superior cold workability using transformation-induced plasticity

Bonding method for sputtering target

α′→γ Reverse Transformation in an 18%Ni Maraging Steel

Precipitation hardening-type high tensile steel excellent in corrosion resistance

High-strength soft magnetic material for rotor of electric motor rotating at high speed