Consensus Statements of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine (ACVIM) provide veterinarians with guidelines regarding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, or treatment of animal diseases. The foundation of the Consensus Statement is evidence-based medicine, but if such evidence is conflicting or lacking, the panel provides interpretive recommendations on the basis of their collective expertise. The Consensus Statement is intended to be a guide for veterinarians, but it is not a statement of standard of care or a substitute for clinical judgment. Topics of statements and panel members to draft the statements are selected by the Board of Regents with input from the general membership. A draft prepared and input from Diplomates is solicited at the ACVIM Forum and via the ACVIM Web site and incorporated in a final version. This Consensus Statement was approved by the Board of Regents of the ACVIM before publication.

/pdf/guidelines-for-the-identification-evaluation-and-management-9qruk13ci6.pdf

Guidelines for the Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Systemic Hypertension in Dogs and Cats

Blood pressure (BP) measurements obtained using 3 indirect BP measuring instruments, a Doppler ultrasonic flowmeter, an oscillometric device, and a photoplethysmograph, were compared with direct arterial pressure measurements in 11 anesthetized cats. The standard deviation of the differences (SDD) between direct and indirect pressure measurements were not significantly different from each other (P < .01), and ranged from 10.82 to 24.32 mm Hg. The high SDD values indicate that indirect BP estimates obtained with all these devices must be interpreted cautiously in individual patients. The mean errors (calculated as the sum of the differences between direct and indirect pressure measurements divided by the number of observations) of the 3 indirect devices were significantly different for systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean (MAP) arterial pressures (P < .05). The Doppler and photoplethysmographic devices had the highest overall accuracy, as indicated by mean error values of less than 10 mm Hg. Correlation coefficients varied from .88 to .96 for the Doppler flowmeter, and from .85 to .94 for the photoplethysmograph; for both devices, the regression line slopes were close to unity. The Doppler flowmeter detected a pulse under all experimental conditions. The photoplethysmograph was also efficient in obtaining BP measurements, obtaining over 90% of SAP, DAP, and MAP readings attempted. The oscillometric device was the least accurate, with mean error values varying from 10 to 22 mm Hg. Correlation coefficients were high (.90 to .94) for this device, but the slopes of the regression lines were 0.7 to 0.8, indicating a trend for increased error at higher BP. The oscillometric device tended to underestimate BP by increasing amounts as the BP increased. The oscillometric device was the least efficient device for obtaining BP measurements (P < .01).

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1939-1676.1995.tb03301.x

Doppler Ultrasonographic, Oscillometric Sphygmomanometric, and Photoplethysmographic Techniques for Noninvasive Blood Pressure Measurement in Anesthetized Cats

Isolates of bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) collected in Germany were examined for their genomic heterogeneity in sequences from the 5′untranslated region (UTR) of the viral genome. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests based on the 5′UTR and the region coding for the NS2–3/4A polypeptide were used to differentiate between BVDV I and BVDV II genotypes. Eleven out of 96 BVDV-isolates were identified as BVDV II. Virus neutralization tests with BVDV I- or II-specific antisera raised in cattle were done. The mean titers were reduced by 7.2-fold (BVDV I-antiserum versus type II-isolates) or 35-fold (BVDV II-antiserum versus type I-isolates) when using the respective heterologous virus.

Genomic (5′UTR) and serological differences among German BVDV field isolates

Genetic heterogeneity of porcine and ruminant pestiviruses mainly isolated in Japan.

Genomic properties of 62 field isolates of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) collected from 1974 to 1999 in Japan were investigated. The 5′ untranslated region (UTR) was amplified by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the 244 to 247 base nucleotide sequences were determined. Serological properties were also characterized by the cross-neutralization test using antisera against the representative strain of the classified genotype. Using phylogenetic tree analysis, BVDV 1 was subdivided into two major clusters, BVDV-1a (29 isolates) and BVDV-1b (27 isolates). In group 1a, 3 differed from the other viruses, and were classified in a branch assigned as 1a′. However, 4 isolates (So CP/75, 190 CP, 190 NCP and KS86-1-NCP) could not be assigned to group 1a or 1b. In comparison with the published sequence data, KS86-1-NCP, 190 CP and 190 NCP were similar to the Southern Africa isolates that have recently been proposed as BVDV 1c. The 5′ UTR sequence of So CP/75 was unique among those of BVDV 1, suggesting that the isolate should be classified into a new genotype. Only 2 out of 62 isolates collected in 1989 and 1990 were identified as BVDV 2. The results of the cross-neutralization test strongly supported these data, suggesting a close correlation between the 5′ UTR sequence and the antigenicity of BVDV.

Genomic and serological diversity of bovine viral diarrhea virus in Japan

Twenty nine recent isolates of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) virus, 17 from persistently infected cattle and 12 from mucosal disease, were compared antigenically with the reference strains by a serum neutralization test. The reference viruses were divided into 2 groups, tentatively designated as N and K, based on the antigenic relationships in the cross-neutralization test. Antigenic properties of recent isolates were considerably different with the sources of virus isolation. Seventeen isolates recovered from persistently infected cattle were divided into 3 groups in the neutralization test using antisera to the reference strains; 12 and 2 were considered as the possible members of groups K and N, respectively, and the others belonged to neither group. On the other hand, 10 of 12 isolates recovered from mucosal disease were considered as the possible members of group N, and the others were classified into neither group. Interestingly, none of BVD-MD viruses isolated from cases of mucosal disease belonged to group K. The results of serologic survey on sera collected from 713 cattle at the Hokkaido provinces in 1974 to 1988 indicated that infections of cattle with BVD-MD viruses other than group K were prominent before 1981. Cattle infected with group K BVD-MD virus were first detected in 1982, and increased in number thereafter. The results obtained in this study suggested that BVD-MD viruses with various antigenic properties spread widely among cattle herds, and also a possibility that clinical manifestations in cattle infected with BVD-MD viruses may differ with their antigenic properties.

Antigenic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) viruses recently isolated from persistently infected cattle and mucosal disease, and serologic survey on bovine sera using antigenically different BVD-MD viruses

Hitoshi Watanabe

Papers

Antigenic diversity of bovine viral diarrhea-mucosal disease (BVD-MD) viruses recently isolated from persistently infected cattle and mucosal disease, and serologic survey on bovine sera using antigenically different BVD-MD viruses

Non-invasive measurement of systemic arterial pressure by Finapres in anesthetized dogs.