This paper presents the multi-sources energy models and ruled based feedback control algorithm of an
energy management system (EMS) for light electric vehicle (LEV), i.e., scooters. The multiple sources of
energy, such as a battery, fuel cell (FC) and super-capacitor (SC), EMS and power controller, DC machine
and vehicle dynamics are designed and modeled using MATLAB/SIMULINK. The developed control strategies
continuously support the EMS of the multiple sources of energy for a scooter under normal and
heavy power load conditions. The performance of the proposed system is analyzed and compared with
that of the ECE-47 test drive cycle in terms of vehicle speed and load power. The results show that the
designed vehicle’s speed and load power closely match those of the ECE-47 test driving cycle under normal
and heavy load conditions. This study’s results suggest that the proposed control algorithm provides
an efficient and feasible EMS for LEV.

Multi-sources model and control algorithm of an energy management system

Research on driving control strategy and Fuzzy logic optimization of a novel mechatronics-electro-hydraulic power coupling electric vehicle

By replacing conventional supplies such as fossil fuels or internal combustion engines (ICEs), this paper presents a new configuration of hybrid power sources (HPS) based on the integration of a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) with batteries (BATs) and supercapacitors (SCs) for hydraulic excavators (HEs). In contrast to conventional architectures, the PEMFC in this study functions as the main power supply, whereas the integrated BAT–SC is considered as an auxiliary buffer. Regarding shortcomings existing in the previous approaches, an innovative energy management strategy (EMS) was designed using a new mapping fuzzy logic control (MFLC) for appropriate power distribution. Comparisons between the proposed strategy with available approaches are conducted to satisfy several driving cycles with different load demands and verify the strategy’s effectiveness. Based on the simulation results, the efficiency of the PEMFC when using the MFLS algorithm increased up to 47% in comparison with the conventional proposed EMS and other approaches. With the proposed strategy, the HPS can be guaranteed to not only sufficiently support power to the system even when the endurance process or high peak power is required, but also extend the lifespan of the devices and achieves high efficiency.

https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/13/3387/pdf

Mapping Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell–Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Excavator

In this paper, a novel adaptive fault-tolerant controller is proposed for a typical electro-hydraulic rotary actuator in the presence of disturbances, internal leakage fault, and sensor fault simultaneously. To construct the suggested controller, a nonlinear unknown input observer is developed to effectively identify the sensor fault, which is unaffected by not only internal leakage fault but also mismatched disturbances/uncertainties. Furthermore, a radial basis function neural network is designed to compensate for the mismatched disturbances/uncertainties caused by payload variation and unknown friction nonlinearities. Besides, an adaptive law based on the projection mapping function is applied to tackle the effect of the internal leakage fault. The integration of the above-mentioned techniques into the adaptive backstepping terminal sliding mode is investigated to obtain high tracking performance, robustness as well as fast convergence. The stability of the closed-loop system is proven by the Lyapunov theory. Finally, the capability and effectiveness of the proposed approach are validated via simulation results under various faulty scenarios.

/pdf/robust-fault-tolerant-control-of-an-electro-hydraulic-2asutc6q8e.pdf

Robust Fault-Tolerant Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Actuator With a Novel Nonlinear Unknown Input Observer

Fuel cell hybrid electric construction equipment (FCHECE) is known as a promising solution to achieve the goal of energy saving and environment protection. Energy management strategy is a key technology of FCHECE, which splits the energy flow between power sources. This paper presents a novel optimal energy management strategy for a hybrid electric-powered hydraulic excavator system to enhance power performance, power sources lifespan, and fuel economy. As for the proposed powertrain configuration, fuel cell serves as a primary energy source, and supercapacitor and battery are considered as energy storages. The integration of supercapacitor and battery in fuel cell vehicle has advantages of improving power performance and storing the regenerative energy for future usage. An energy management strategy based on fuzzy logic control and a rule-based algorithm is proposed to effectively distribute the power between the three sources and reuse the regenerative energy. Furthermore, the parameters of the fuzzy logic system are optimized using the combination of a backtracking search algorithm which provides a good direction to the global optimal region and sequential dynamic programming as a local search method to fine-tune the optimal solution in order to reduce the hydrogen consumption and prolong the lifetime of the power sources. Simulation results show that the proposed energy management strategy enhances the vehicle performance, improves fuel economy of the FCHECE by 10.919%, increase battery and supercapacitor charge-sustaining capability as well as efficiency of the fuel cell system.

Optimization-Based Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Construction Excavator

Construction machines are heavy-duty equipment and a major contributor to the environmental pollution. By using only electric motors instead of an internal combustion engine, the problems of low engine efficiency and air pollution can be solved. This paper proposed a novel energy management strategy for a PEM fuel cell excavator with a supercapacitor/battery hybrid power source. The fuel cell is the main power supply for most of the excavator workload while the battery/supercapacitor is the energy storage device, which supplies additional required power and recovers energy. The whole system model was built in a co-simulation environment, which is a combination of MATLAB/Simulink and AMESim software, where the fuel cell, battery, supercapacitor model, and the energy management algorithm were developed in a Simulink environment while the excavator model was designed in an AMESim environment. In this work, the energy management strategy was designed to concurrently account for power supply performance from the hybrid power sources as well as from fuel cells, and battery lifespan. The control design was proposed to distribute the power demand optimally from the excavator to the hybrid power sources in different working conditions. The simulation results were presented to demonstrate the good performance of the system. The effectiveness of the proposed energy management strategy was validated. Compared with the conventional strategies where the task requirements cannot be achieved or system stability cannot be accomplished, the proposed algorithms perfectly satisfied the working conditions.

Energy Management Strategy of a PEM Fuel Cell Excavator with a Supercapacitor/Battery Hybrid Power Source

In this paper, an active disturbance rejection control is designed to improve the position tracking performance of an electro-hydraulic actuation system in the presence of parametric uncertainties, non-parametric uncertainties, and external disturbances as well. The disturbance observers (Dos) are proposed to estimate not only the matched lumped uncertainties but also mismatched disturbance. Without the velocity measurement, the unmeasurable angular velocity is robustly calculated based on the high-order Levant’s exact differentiator. These disturbances and angular velocity are integrated into the control design system based on the backstepping framework which guarantees high-accuracy tracking performance. The system stability analysis is analyzed by using the Lyapunov theory. Simulations based on an electro-hydraulic rotary actuator are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed control method.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0825/10/2/20/pdf

Hoang Vu Dao

Papers

Energy Management Strategy of a PEM Fuel Cell Excavator with a Supercapacitor/Battery Hybrid Power Source

Mapping Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell–Battery–Supercapacitor Hybrid Excavator

Active Disturbance Rejection Control for Position Tracking of Electro-Hydraulic Servo Systems under Modeling Uncertainty and External Load

Robust Fault-Tolerant Control of an Electro-Hydraulic Actuator With a Novel Nonlinear Unknown Input Observer

Optimization-Based Fuzzy Energy Management Strategy for PEM Fuel Cell/Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Construction Excavator