Evaluating and benchmarking software and hardware field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based digital watermarking are considered challenging tasks because of multiple and conflicting evaluation criteria. A few evaluation and benchmarking techniques/frameworks have been implemented to digital watermarking or steganography; however, these approaches still present certain limitations. In particular, fixing some attributes on account of other attributes and well-known benchmarking approaches are limited to robust watermarking techniques. Thus, this study aims toward a new methodology for evaluation and benchmarking using multi-criteria analysis for software and hardware “FPGA”-based digital watermarking or steganography. To achieve this objective, two iterations are conducted. The first iteration consists of two stages: discussing software and hardware “FPGA”-based digital watermarking or steganography to create a dataset with various samples for benchmarking and discussing the evaluation method and then disc...

Software and Hardware FPGA-Based Digital Watermarking and Steganography Approaches: Toward New Methodology for Evaluation and Benchmarking Using Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Techniques

Digital watermarking evaluation and benchmarking are challenging tasks because of multiple evaluation and conflicting criteria. A few approaches have been presented to implement digital watermarking evaluation and benchmarking frameworks. However, these approaches still possess a number of limitations, such as fixing several attributes on the account of other attributes. Well-known benchmarking approaches are limited to robust watermarking. Therefore, this paper presents a new methodology for digital watermarking evaluation and benchmarking based on large-scale data by using external evaluators and a group decision making context. Two experiments are performed. In the first experiment, a noise gate-based digital watermarking approach is developed, and the scheme for the noise gate digital watermarking approach is enhanced. Sixty audio samples from different audio styles are tested with two algorithms. A total of 120 samples were evaluated according to three different metrics, namely, quality, payload, and complexity, to generate a set of digital watermarking samples. In the second experiment, the situation in which digital watermarking evaluators have different preferences is discussed. Weight measurement with a decision making solution is required to solve this issue. The analytic hierarchy process is used to measure evaluator preference. In the decision making solution, the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution with different contexts e.g., individual and group is utilized. Therefore, selecting the proper context with different aggregation operators to benchmark the results of experiment 1 i.e., digital watermarking approaches is recommended. The findings of this research are as follows: 1 group and individual decision making provide the same result in this case study. However, in the case of selection where the priority weights are generated from the evaluators, group decision making is the recommended solution to solve the trade-off reflected in the benchmarking process for digital watermarking approaches. 2 Internal and external aggregations show that the enhanced watermarking approach demonstrates better performance than the original watermarking approach. © 2016 The Authors. Software: Practice and Experience published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

A new digital watermarking evaluation and benchmarking methodology using an external group of evaluators and multi-criteria analysis based on 'large-scale data'

Steganography is the art of hiding the very presence of communication by embedding secret messages into innocuous looking cover images. The Least Significant Bit (LSB) steganography that replaces the least significant bits of the host medium is a widely used technique with low computational complexity and high insertion capacity. Although it has good perceptual transparency, it is vulnerable to steganalysis which is based on histogram analysis. In all the existing schemes detection of a secret message in a cover image can be easily detected from the histogram analysis and statistical analysis. Therefore developing new LSB steganography algorithms against statistical and histogram analysis is the prime requirement.

A modulo based LSB steganography method

Steganography deals with concealing of some messages via some media, which in digital domain is made over speech, image, or video. In the current generation, privacy-related matters are of concern ...

An Overview of Digital Audio Steganography

The technique of hiding confidential information within any media is known as Stegonography. Since both stegonography and cryptography are used to protect confidential information, the two are used interchangeably. This is wrong because the appearance of the output from the two processes is totally different; the output from a stegonography operation is not apparently visible while for cryptography the output is scrambled such that it easily draws attention. The detection of the presence of stegonography is referred to as Steganlysis. In this article we have attempted to elucidate the main image steganography approaches, and then we will evaluate the techniques and result will show in a table and discuss.

A Survey on Image Steganography Algorithms and Evaluation

The least-significant bit (LSB) insertion method is the most common and easiest method for embedding messages in an image with high capacity, while it is detectable by statistical analysis such as RS and Chi-square analyses. This paper has proposed a novel LSB image steganography algorithm that can effectively resist image steganalysis based on statistical analysis. We combine every two sample's LSB bits using addition modulo 2 (or m) to form the value which is compared to the part of the secret message. If these two values are equal, no change is made. Otherwise, add the difference of these two values to the second sample. Thus, we can embed the part of the secret message effectively. RS and Chi-square analyses are performed on stego-medium created using the steganography technique. The experiment shows that the scheme has the same insertion capacity and SNR as the classic LSB steganography and the proposed method can effectively resist steganalysis based on RS and Chi-square analyses.

Hong-Jun Tang

Papers

A Novel Image Steganography Algorithm Against Statistical Analysis