Recently, several models based on deep neural networks have achieved great success in terms of both reconstruction accuracy and computational performance for single image super-resolution. In these methods, the low resolution (LR) input image is upscaled to the high resolution (HR) space using a single filter, commonly bicubic interpolation, before reconstruction. This means that the super-resolution (SR) operation is performed in HR space. We demonstrate that this is sub-optimal and adds computational complexity. In this paper, we present the first convolutional neural network (CNN) capable of real-time SR of 1080p videos on a single K2 GPU. To achieve this, we propose a novel CNN architecture where the feature maps are extracted in the LR space. In addition, we introduce an efficient sub-pixel convolution layer which learns an array of upscaling filters to upscale the final LR feature maps into the HR output. By doing so, we effectively replace the handcrafted bicubic filter in the SR pipeline with more complex upscaling filters specifically trained for each feature map, whilst also reducing the computational complexity of the overall SR operation. We evaluate the proposed approach using images and videos from publicly available datasets and show that it performs significantly better (+0.15dB on Images and +0.39dB on Videos) and is an order of magnitude faster than previous CNN-based methods.

/pdf/real-time-single-image-and-video-super-resolution-using-an-4ljje8ipch.pdf

Real-Time Single Image and Video Super-Resolution Using an Efficient Sub-Pixel Convolutional Neural Network

Hyperspectral remote sensing technology has advanced significantly in the past two decades. Current sensors onboard airborne and spaceborne platforms cover large areas of the Earth surface with unprecedented spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions. These characteristics enable a myriad of applications requiring fine identification of materials or estimation of physical parameters. Very often, these applications rely on sophisticated and complex data analysis methods. The sources of difficulties are, namely, the high dimensionality and size of the hyperspectral data, the spectral mixing (linear and nonlinear), and the degradation mechanisms associated to the measurement process such as noise and atmospheric effects. This paper presents a tutorial/overview cross section of some relevant hyperspectral data analysis methods and algorithms, organized in six main topics: data fusion, unmixing, classification, target detection, physical parameter retrieval, and fast computing. In all topics, we describe the state-of-the-art, provide illustrative examples, and point to future challenges and research directions.

/pdf/hyperspectral-remote-sensing-data-analysis-and-future-1cxk3zgg98.pdf

Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges

Hyperspectral data classification is a hot topic in remote sensing community. In recent years, significant effort has been focused on this issue. However, most of the methods extract the features of original data in a shallow manner. In this paper, we introduce a deep learning approach into hyperspectral image classification. A new feature extraction (FE) and image classification framework are proposed for hyperspectral data analysis based on deep belief network (DBN). First, we verify the eligibility of restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) and DBN by the following spectral information-based classification. Then, we propose a novel deep architecture, which combines the spectral–spatial FE and classification together to get high classification accuracy. The framework is a hybrid of principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical learning-based FE, and logistic regression (LR). Experimental results with hyperspectral data indicate that the classifier provide competitive solution with the state-of-the-art methods. In addition, this paper reveals that deep learning system has huge potential for hyperspectral data classification.

Spectral–Spatial Classification of Hyperspectral Data Based on Deep Belief Network

What has happened in machine learning lately, and what does it mean for the future of medical image analysis? Machine learning has witnessed a tremendous amount of attention over the last few years. The current boom started around 2009 when so-called deep artificial neural networks began outperforming other established models on a number of important benchmarks. Deep neural networks are now the state-of-the-art machine learning models across a variety of areas, from image analysis to natural language processing, and widely deployed in academia and industry. These developments have a huge potential for medical imaging technology, medical data analysis, medical diagnostics and healthcare in general, slowly being realized. We provide a short overview of recent advances and some associated challenges in machine learning applied to medical image processing and image analysis. As this has become a very broad and fast expanding field we will not survey the entire landscape of applications, but put particular focus on deep learning in MRI. 
Our aim is threefold: (i) give a brief introduction to deep learning with pointers to core references; (ii) indicate how deep learning has been applied to the entire MRI processing chain, from acquisition to image retrieval, from segmentation to disease prediction; (iii) provide a starting point for people interested in experimenting and perhaps contributing to the field of machine learning for medical imaging by pointing out good educational resources, state-of-the-art open-source code, and interesting sources of data and problems related medical imaging.

An overview of deep learning in medical imaging focusing on MRI

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Linear And Nonlinear Programming

Hyperspectral images (HSIs) are often degraded by a mixture of various kinds of noise in the acquisition process, which can include Gaussian noise, impulse noise, dead lines, stripes, and so on. This paper introduces a new HSI restoration method based on low-rank matrix recovery (LRMR), which can simultaneously remove the Gaussian noise, impulse noise, dead lines, and stripes. By lexicographically ordering a patch of the HSI into a 2-D matrix, the low-rank property of the hyperspectral imagery is explored, which suggests that a clean HSI patch can be regarded as a low-rank matrix. We then formulate the HSI restoration problem into an LRMR framework. To further remove the mixed noise, the “Go Decomposition” algorithm is applied to solve the LRMR problem. Several experiments were conducted in both simulated and real data conditions to verify the performance of the proposed LRMR-based HSI restoration method.

Hyperspectral Image Restoration Using Low-Rank Matrix Recovery

In this paper, we present a spatial spectral hyperspectral image (HSI) mixed-noise removal method named total variation (TV)-regularized low-rank matrix factorization (LRTV). In general, HSIs are not only assumed to lie in a low-rank subspace from the spectral perspective but also assumed to be piecewise smooth in the spatial dimension. The proposed method integrates the nuclear norm, TV regularization, and $L_1$ -norm together in a unified framework. The nuclear norm is used to exploit the spectral low-rank property, and the TV regularization is adopted to explore the spatial piecewise smooth structure of the HSI. At the same time, the sparse noise, which includes stripes, impulse noise, and dead pixels, is detected by the $L_1$ -norm regularization. To tradeoff the nuclear norm and TV regularization and to further remove the Gaussian noise of the HSI, we also restrict the rank of the clean image to be no larger than the number of endmembers. A number of experiments were conducted in both simulated and real data conditions to illustrate the performance of the proposed LRTV method for HSI restoration.

Total-Variation-Regularized Low-Rank Matrix Factorization for Hyperspectral Image Restoration

Image super-resolution

http://www.lmars.whu.edu.cn/prof_web/zhangliangpei/rs/publication/A%20Super-Resolution%20Reconstruction%20Algorithm%20for%20Surveillance%20Images.pdf

A super-resolution reconstruction algorithm for surveillance images

As a powerful and promising statistical signal modeling technique, sparse representation has been widely used in various image processing and analysis fields. For hyperspectral image classification, previous studies have shown the effectiveness of the sparsity-based classification methods. In this paper, we propose a nonlocal weighted joint sparse representation classification (NLW-JSRC) method to improve the hyperspectral image classification result. In the joint sparsity model (JSM), different weights are utilized for different neighboring pixels around the central test pixel. The weight of one specific neighboring pixel is determined by the structural similarity between the neighboring pixel and the central test pixel, which is referred to as a nonlocal weighting scheme. In this paper, the simultaneous orthogonal matching pursuit technique is used to solve the nonlocal weighted joint sparsity model (NLW-JSM). The proposed classification algorithm was tested on three hyperspectral images. The experimental results suggest that the proposed algorithm performs better than the other sparsity-based algorithms and the classical support vector machine hyperspectral classifier.

Hongyan Zhang

Papers

Hyperspectral Image Restoration Using Low-Rank Matrix Recovery

Total-Variation-Regularized Low-Rank Matrix Factorization for Hyperspectral Image Restoration

Image super-resolution

A super-resolution reconstruction algorithm for surveillance images

A Nonlocal Weighted Joint Sparse Representation Classification Method for Hyperspectral Imagery