Recent development of fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors: Mechanisms, materials, micro/nano-fabrications and applications

The research interest in wearable sensors has tremendously increased in recent years. Amid the different biosensors, electrochemical biosensors are unparalleled and ideal for the design and manufacture of such flexible and wearable sensors because of their various benefits, including convenient operation, quick response, portability, and inherent miniaturization. A number of studies on flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors have been reported in recent years for invasive/non-invasive and real-time monitoring of biologically relevant molecules such as glucose, lactate, dopamine, cortisol, and antigens. To attain this, novel two-dimensional nanomaterials and their hybrids, various substrates, and detection methods have been explored to fabricate flexible conductive platforms that can be used to develop flexible electrochemical biosensors. In particular, there are many advantages associated with the advent of two-dimensional materials, such as light weight, high stretchability, high performance, and excellent biocompatibility, which offer new opportunities to improve the performance of wearable electrochemical sensors. Therefore, it is urgently required to study wearable/flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials for health care monitoring and clinical analysis. In this review, we described recently reported flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional nanomaterials. We classified them into specific groups, including enzymatic/non-enzymatic biosensors and affinity biosensors (immunosensors), recent developments in flexible electrochemical immunosensors based on polymer and plastic substrates to monitor biologically relevant molecules. This review will discuss perspectives on flexible electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional materials for the clinical analysis and wearable biosensing devices, as well as the limitations and prospects of the these electrochemical flexible/wearable biosensors.Graphical abstract.

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Flexible and wearable electrochemical biosensors based on two-dimensional materials: Recent developments

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based electrochemical biosensors for early cancer diagnosis in vitro

Applications of layered double hydroxides based electrochemical sensors for determination of environmental pollutants: A review

Recent advances in the application of layered double hydroxides in analytical chemistry: A review.

The incorporation of nanomaterials into electrochemical sensors is an attractive approach towards the improvement of the sensitivity of amperometry and also can provide improved sensor selectivity and stability. This review (with 137 references) details the current state of the art and new trends in nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) in cells or released by cells. The article starts with a discussion of the significance of the three analytes, and this is followed by three sections that summarize the electrochemical detection schemes for H2O2, H2S and NO. Each section first summarizes the respective physiological roles, and then reviews electrochemical sensors based on the use of carbon nanomaterials, noble metal nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials, and layered doubled hydroxides. The materials are compiled in three tables along with figures of merit for the various sensors.

Hongying Liu

Papers

A review on nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for H2O2, H2S and NO inside cells or released by cells