A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.

The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Are Americans more individualistic and less collectivistic than members of other groups? The authors summarize plausible psychological implications of individualism-collectivism (IND-COL), meta-analyze cross-national and within-United States IND-COL differences, and review evidence for effects of IND-COL on self-concept, well-being, cognition, and relationality. European Americans were found to be both more individualistic-valuing personal independence more-and less collectivistic-feeling duty to in-groups less-than others. However, European Americans were not more individualistic than African Americans, or Latinos, and not less collectivistic than Japanese or Koreans. Among Asians, only Chinese showed large effects, being both less individualistic and more collectivistic. Moderate IND-COL effects were found on self-concept and relationality, and large effects were found on attribution and cognitive style.

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Rethinking individualism and collectivism: evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses.

The international index of erectile function (IIEF): a multidimensional scale for assessment of erectile dysfunction

A new rating instrument, the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale, was designed specifically to evaluate the severity of cognitive and noncognitive behavioral dysfunctions characteristic of persons with Alzheimer's disease. Item descriptions, administration procedures, and scoring are outlined. Twenty-seven subjects with Alzheimer's disease and 28 normal elderly subjects were rated on 40 items. Twenty-one items with significant intraclass correlation coefficients for interrater reliability (range, .650-.989) and significant Spearman rank-order correlation coefficients for test-retest reliability (range, .514-1) constitute the final scale. Subjects with Alzheimer's disease had significantly more cognitive and noncognitive dysfunction than the normal elderly subjects.

A new rating scale for Alzheimer's disease.

The Circumplex as a General Model of the Structure of Emotions and Personality The Circumplex Model Applied to Interpersonal Behaviour, Affect and Psychotic Syndromes When is a Circumplex an "Interpersonal Circumplex"? - The Case of Supportive Actions Studying Personality Traits - Circular Way Two at a Time is Better Than One at a Time Hierachical Circular and Spherical Models of Interpersonal and Adaptive Behaviour Personality Set Within An Octagonal Model of Relating Circular Structure of Vocational Interests How Shall an Emotion be Called? A Circumplex Inventory of Impact Messages Theoretical and Methodogical Elaborations of the Circumplex Model of Personality Traits and Emotions The Interpersonal Circle and the Emotional Undercurrent of Human Sociability Personality Disorders and the Interpersonal Circumplex A Circumplex Model of Personality Disorders The Circumplex Structure of Interpersonal Problems The Circumplex in Psychotherapy Research The Interpersonal Circumplex as a Structural Model in Clinical Research Interpersonal Assessment and Therapy of Eating Disorders.

Circumplex models of personality and emotions

What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research

Fifty-eight children, ages 6 to 12 years, consecutively admitted to a psychiatric hospital unit were evaluated for suicide potential. A battery of specially constructed scales was utilized to assess variables that might be correlated with suicide potential. Some degree of suicidal risk was found in 72% of the children. Factors significantly correlating with suicidal behavior were depression, feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, the wish to die, preoccupations with death, the concept that death is temporary and pleasant, and severe depression and suicidal behavior in the parents.

Suicidal behavior in latency-age children: an empirical study

This study was undertaken to construct a brief, reliable, and valid questionnaire for measuring attitudes toward death and dying. In Stage 1, four groups of individuals ranging in age from 30 to 82 years completed the Death Anxiety Questionnaire (DAQ), a brief anxiety scale (MAS), and a depression scale (DP). During Stage 2, results on these scales were cross-validated on a new sample of subjects, and the Templer and Dickstein measures of death anxiety were also completed. Internal consistency of the DAQ as determined by coefficient alpha was .83 (n = 230) and test-retest reliability was .87 (n = 30). No significant sex or age differences were found for any of the groups tested. Results provided evidence for both construct and concurrent validity of the DAQ and for discriminant validity of the items. A principal-components factor analysis suggested four independent dimensions of death anxiety: Fear of the Unknown; Fear of Suffering; Fear of Loneliness; and Fear of Personal Extinction. Recommendations for future research include an investigation of the degree to which scores on these four dimensions might differentiate among different sex, age, personality, affective, and diagnostic groupings.

http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/psp/43/4/775.pdf

Hope R. Conte

Papers

Circumplex models of personality and emotions

What Works for Whom? A Critical Review of Psychotherapy Research

Suicidal behavior in latency-age children: an empirical study

Measuring Death Anxiety: Conceptual, Psychometric, and Factor-Analytic Aspects

Correlates of suicide and violence risk 1: the suicide risk measure.